The Specter of Democracy: What Marx and Marxists Haven't Understood and Why Book

	Introduction: Why Should We, and How Should We, Reclaim Marx?
Pt. 1	Marxism and the Intellectuals
1	Marxism in the Postcommunist World	3
2	Can French Intellectuals Escape Marxism?	24
3	The Frankfurt School and the Transformation of Critical Theory into Cultural Theory	39
4	Habermas's Reorientation of Critical Theory Toward Democratic Theory	51
5	The Anticommunist Marxism of Socialisme ou Barbarie	63
6	Claude Lefort's Passage from Revolutionary Theory to Political Theory	71
7	From Marx to Castoriadis, and from Castoriadis to Us	83
8	From the Critique of Totalitarianism to the Politics of Democracy	99
Pt. 2	Republican Democracy or Democratic Republics
9	The Burden of French History	139
10	Intersecting Trajectories of Republicanism in France and the United States	173
11	Reading U.S. History as Political	197
12	Fundamentalism and the American Exception	220
Pt. 3	Back to Marx?
13	Philosophy by Other Means?	239
	Notes	289
	Index	335