The Parameter Of Aspect, Second Edition Book

	Preface	xi
	Introduction	xiii
Part Ixix
Chapter 1	The Approach	1
1.1	The general theory	1
1.1.1	The two components in sentences	2
1.1.2	Aspectual systems in language	4
1.2	Aspectual choice	6
1.3	The structure of the aspectual components	8
1.3.1	The logic of markedness	8
1.3.2	Markedness, categorization, and aspectual choice	10
1.3.3	Situation type categories and prototype theory	11
1.4	The parameter of aspect and Universal Grammar	13
Chapter 2	Situation Aspect	17
2.1	Basic-level and derived-level situation types	17
2.2	Temporal features of the situation types	19
2.3	The causal chain	21
2.4	The situation types	22
2.4.1	Activities	23
2.4.2	Accomplishments	26
2.4.3	Semelfactives	29
2.4.4	Achievements	30
2.4.5	Statives	32
2.5	The general categories of event and state	35
Chapter 3	The Linguistic Realization of the Situation Types	39
3.1	Syntactic and semantic properties	39
3.1.1	Linguistic properties of the temporal features	39
3.1.2	Linguistic characterization of the situation types	44
3.2	Derived situation types	48
3.2.1	Super-lexical morphemes: lexical focus	48
3.2.2	Multiple-event Activities	50
3.2.3	Habitual Statives	50
3.2.4	Marked focus	51
3.2.5	A principle for interpreted situation type shifts	53
3.3	Rules for composing verb constellations	54
3.3.1	Basic-level verb constellations	54
3.3.1	Derived-level verb constellations	55
3.4	Verb constellations of interest	56
3.4.1	Perception verbs, Personal property predicates	56
3.4.2	Vague verb constellations	58
Chapter 4	Viewpoint Aspect	61
4.1	Semantic information and aspectual viewpoints	62
4.2	Families of viewpoints	65
4.2.1	Perfective viewpoints	66
4.2.2	Imperfective viewpoints	73
4.2.3	Neutral viewpoints	77
4.3	The independence of viewpoint and situation type	81
4.3.1	Viewpoint span	81
4.3.2	Visible information and the imperfective paradox	83
4.3.3	The relation between statives and imperfectives	84
4.4	Viewpoints and conventions of use	86
4.4.1	Pragmatic conventions and closed systems	86
4.4.2	Augmented interpretations	87
4.4.3	Conventions of use for aspectual viewpoints	88
4.4.4	Narrative conventions and the viewpoints	92
Chapter 5	Temporal Location	97
5.1	Time and temporal location	97
5.2	Temporal information in sentences	99
5.2.1	The coordinates of temporal location	99
5.2.2	Temporal reference and temporal location	101
5.3	Tenses and the perfect	106
5.3.1	Tense	106
5.3.2	The perfect	106
5.3.3	Sentences about the Present	110
5.4	Adverbials	112
5.5	The interpretation of temporal expressions	117
Chapter 6	The Formal Analysis of Temporal Meaning	123
6.1	Formalizing aspectual concepts	123
6.2	Situation aspect	124
6.3	Viewpoint aspect	126
6.3.1	Perfective viewpoints	128
6.3.2	Imperfective viewpoints	130
6.4	From form to meaning: Determining the aspectual meaning of sentences	131
6.4.1	Computing scopal structure	132
6.4.2	Compositional rules for situation type	133
6.5	Determining the temporal location meaning of sentences	137
Chapter 7	Aspectual Meaning in Discourse Representation Theory	141
7.1	Meaning and language understanding	141
7.2	Discourse Representation Theory	144
7.3	Discourse Representation Structures	145
7.3.1	Aspectual meaning in Discourse Representation Structure	145
7.3.2	Temporal location in Discourse Representation Structures	148
7.3.3	Other viewpoints in Discourse Representation Structures	150
7.4	Relating the Discourse Representation Structure to a model	152
7.5	Aspectual indeterminacy and inference	154
7.6	Additional DRSs	160
Part II165
	Introduction to Part II	167
Chapter 8	The Aspectual System of English	169
8.1	Introductory characterization	169
8.2	Viewpoint aspect	169
8.2.1	The perfective viewpoint	170
8.2.2	The imperfective viewpoint	171
8.2.3	Conventions of use	175
8.3	Situation type	176
8.3.1	Temporal properties in sentences of English	176
8.3.2	Activities	177
8.3.3	Accomplishments	178
8.3.4	Semelfactives	180
8.3.5	Achievements	181
8.3.6	Statives	182
8.4	Temporal location and aspect	184
8.4.1	Present tense sentences	185
8.4.2	The Perfect construction	186
8.4.3	The Futurate	189
Chapter 9	The Aspectual System of French	193
9.1	Introductory characterization	193
9.2	Viewpoint aspect	193
9.2.1	The perfective viewpoint	194
9.2.2	The imperfective viewpoints	197
9.2.3	The Neutral viewpoint	201
9.3	Temporal location	204
9.3.1	The Past tenses	204
9.3.2	The Present tenses	208
9.3.3	The Future tenses	210
9.3.4	Conventions of use	211
9.4	Situation Aspect	214
9.4.1	Temporal properties in French	214
9.4.2	Activities	215
9.4.3	Accomplishments	218
9.4.4	Semelfactives	220
9.4.5	Achievements	220
9.4.6	Statives	222
Chapter 10	The Aspectual System of Russian	227
10.1.1	Introductory characterization	227
10.1.2	Morphological preliminaries	228
10.2	Viewpoint aspect	229
10.2.1	The perfective viewpoint	230
10.2.2	The imperfective viewpoint	231
10.2.3	Conventions of use	234
10.3	Situation aspect	241
10.3.1	Grammatical features of Russian	241
10.3.2	Temporal properties in Russian	242
10.3.3	Activities	243
10.3.4	Accomplishments	245
10.3.5	Semelfactives	246
10.3.6	Achievements	247
10.3.7	Statives	248
10.4	Temporal location	250
10.4.1	Tense	250
10.4.2	Adverbials	251
10.4.3	Infinitives	252
10.5	Negation	256
Appendix	Test for the viewpoint aspect of a verb form	258
Chapter 11	The Aspectual System of Mandarin Chinese	263
11.1.1	Introductory characterization	263
11.2	Viewpoint aspect	263
11.2.1	The perfective viewpoints	263
11.2.2	The imperfective viewpoints	271
11.2.3	The neutral viewpoint	277
11.2.4	Conventions of use	279
11.3	Situation aspect	281
11.3.1	Grammatical features of Mandarin	281
11.3.2	Temporal properties in Mandarin	284
11.3.3	Activities	285
11.3.4	Accomplishments	287
11.3.5	Semelfactives	290
11.3.6	Achievements	291
11.3.7	Statives	292
11.3.8	Verb constellations of special interest	294
Chapter 12	The Aspectual System of Navajo	297
12.1	Introductory characterization	297
12.1.1	The Navajo Aspectual System	297
12.1.2	Preliminaries: The Navajo verb	298
12.2	Viewpoint aspect	300
12.2.1	The perfective viewpoint	301
12.2.2	The imperfective viewpoint	302
12.2.3	The progressive viewpoint	303
12.2.4	The neutral viewpoint	304
12.2.5	Conventions of use	306
12.3	Situation aspect	309
12.3.1	The Navajo sentence	309
12.3.2	Temporal properties in Navajo	312
12.3.3	Durative events	313
12.3.4	Instantaneous events	317
12.3.5	Statives	317
12.4	Lexical and morphological factors	319
12.4.1	Super-lexical morphemes	319
12.4.2	Verb lexeme categories	321
12.5	Time expressions in Navajo	323
12.5.1	Temporal location: tense and adverbials	323
12.5.2	Temporal duration	324
Appendix	Examples of VLC category members	327
	References	331
	General Index	343
	Name Index	347