The Fine Art of Prescribing Glasses without Making a Spectacle of Yourself Book

	Foreword	xi
	Preface to the Third Edition	xiii
	Preface to the First Edition	xv
	Introduction	1
1	Spectacles: Past, Present, Future	5
	History	6
	Modern Developments	9
	Conclusion	16
2	Hyperopia	17
	Definitions	17
	The Influence of Age	18
	The Spectacle Correction	29
3	Accommodation	31
	Unraveling the Semantics	31
	How Accommodation is Measured	32
	Excessive Accommodative Amplitude: Real or Apparent?	38
	Accommodative Spasm	39
	Unequal Accommodation and Balancing	46
	Subnormal Accommodation (Bilateral)	55
	Refractive Error, Method of Correction, and Accommodation	56
	Summary	58
4	Cycloplegia	59
	Indications	60
	Contraindications	61
	Characteristics of Cycloplegic Drugs	64
	Cycloplegia, Narrow Angles, and Glaucoma	68
	Post-Cycloplegic Examination	69
5	Myopia	71
	The Young Child	71
	Muscle Imbalance	72
	Treating Myopia Progression	74
	Quasi-Myopic Progression	78
	Pathologic Myopia	79
	Unilateral Myopia and Antimetropia	80
	Cycloplegia and Pseudomyopia	82
	The Overcorrected Myope	83
	Night Myopia	87
	Pre-Presbyopia and Presbyopia	89
	The Influence of Medical Problems and Drugs	91
	Spectacle Design	92
6	Astigmatism	95
	Indications for Lens Correction	96
	Refracting the Astigmat at Near	98
	The Spectacle Correction	99
	Changes in Cylinder Power and Axis	104
	Ciliary Spasm	106
	Anisometropia	108
	Bifocals	111
	Irregular Astigmatism (Irregular Optical Refraction)	113
7	Presbyopia	121
	Definition	122
	Onset and Influencing Factors	122
	Determining the Power of the Add	125
	Bifocals for Children	126
	Bifocals in the Pre-Presbyopic Years	128
	Bifocals for Presbyopia	129
	The Effects of Contact Lenses	136
	The Presbyopic Myope	138
	The Presbyopic Anisometrope	146
	Unequal Accommodative Amplitudes and Unequal Adds	150
	Trifocals	154
	Aphakia	157
	Occupational Multifocals	159
	Spectacle Design: Multifocal Types and Indications	159
8	Progressive-Power Lenses	167
	Properties	170
	Selecting an Appropriate Progressive-Power Lens	173
	Neutralizing an Unknown Progressive-Power Lens	176
	Identifying an Unknown Progressive	178
	Fitting the Progressive-Power Lens	178
	Advantages and Disadvantages of Progressives	181
	Indications for Progressives	182
	Contraindications for Progressive	182
	Prescribing the Progressive	184
9	Muscle Imbalances	188
	Esodeviations	189
	Exodeviations	199
	Vertical Muscle Imbalances	206
	Anisometropia	214
	The Use of Prisms, Summary	218
10	Anisometropia	221
	Symptomatic Anisometropia	222
	Aniseikonia	225
	Anisophoria	236
	Anisometropia in Children	242
	Anisometropia in Young Adults	246
	Anisometropia in Presbyopia: The Problem Verite	250
	Acquired Progressive Anisometropia Due to Cataract	253
	Astigmatic Anisometropia	256
	Contact Lenses and IOLs	258
11	Cataract	259
	Congenital Cataracts	260
	Lenticular Myopia	263
	Hyperopia and Cataract	272
	Lenticular Astigmatism	272
	Unequal Cataracts	273
	The Second Eye in Monocular Aphakia	277
	Near Vision Problems	278
	Polyopia	280
	Pupil Size and Vision	281
	Macular Degeneration	283
	Deferring Surgery	286
12	Aphakia	289
	Monocular Aphakia	290
	Refracting the Aphake	291
	Lens Design	293
13	Pseudophakia	295
	Preoperative Evaluation	295
	The Ideal Postoperative Error	296
	Monocular Cataract	296
	Bilateral Cataracts	299
	Helpful Hints in Refracting the Pseudophakic Patient	305
	Early Opacification of the Posterior Capsule	306
	The Final Postoperative Spectacle Prescription	306
14	Refractive Surgery	307
	Patient Selection	308
	Preoperative Refraction	309
	Corneal Limitations of Laser Surgery	311
	Value of Retinoscopy	311
	Presbyopia	312
	Monovision	313
	Mixed Astigmatism	313
	Wavefront-Guided Ablations	314
	Postoperative Care	314
15	Contact Lenses	317
	Contacts: Boon or Bust?	320
	Contact Lenses for Various Refractive Errors: Indications and Contraindications	330
	Contact Lenses are Not Protective	339
	Proper Care of Contact Lenses	340
	The Role of the Non-Dispensing Refractionist	341
16	Absorptive Lenses	345
	Absorption Characteristics of Clear Spectacle Lenses	346
	Anti-Reflective Coating	347
	Types of Absorptive Lenses	349
	Medical Indications and Non-Indications for Absorptive Lenses	356
	Nonmedical Indications for Absorptive Lenses	361
	Educating the Consumer	363
17	Medical Problems and Refractive Error	366
	Changes in Size or Shape of the Eye	367
	Changes in the Cornea	369
	Changes in the Macula	370
	Reversible Changes in the Crystalline Lens and Ocular Media	371
	Cataracts	374
	Changes in Lens Position	375
	Changes in Accommodation	375
	Congenital Anomalies	377
	Medical Implications of Asthenopia	378
	Neuro-Ophthalmologic Disorders	379
18	Occupational Lenses	381
	History and Job Description	383
	Refraction	386
	Spectacle Design	386
	The Ubiquitous VDT Screen	393
	Absorptive Lenses	395
	Lens Prescribing for the Sports Enthusiast	395
	How to Enhance Success	396
19	The Partially Sighted Patient	399
	Variables Affecting Success	400
	Optical Aids	409
	Non-Magnifier Optical Aids	420
	Non-Optical Aids	422
	Newer Developments and Future Directions	423
	Improving the Results	424
20	The Psychodynamics of Wearing Spectacles	427
	The Eyes In Emotional Response	428
	Why Do Patients Reject Their Glasses?	428
	Disorders That Have No Physical Basis	433
	The Doctor-Patient Relationship	440
21	The Art of Dispensing	442
	The Optician's Point of View	443
	Writing the Prescription	457
	The Refractionist's Point of View	458
	Postscript	459
22	The Dissatisifed Refraction Patient	460
	The Patient's Complaint	460
	The Way to Patient Satisfaction	470
	Psychological Support	479
	Index	481