The Community and the Social Worker Book

1.	The Societal Context of Communities	1
	The Global Community	2
	Defining Society	4
	Cultural Perspectives on Society	6
	Culture as Values	7
	Social Processes and American Identity	8
	The Future of American Culture	11
	Mass Culture and Mass Society	12
	Civil Society	14
	Social Order and Social Control in American Society	16
	Maintenance of Social Order	18
	Social and Economic Justice in Society	19
	Social Movements and Social Justice	20
	American Society as a Social System	22
	American Society as an Ecological System	24
	Chapter 1 Review	28
2.	American Society as a Welfare State	30
	Sectors of the Welfare State	31
	Governmental Welfare Sector	33
	Health Care System	37
	Private and Corporate Welfare Sectors	39
	Social Development and the Welfare State	39
	Theories of the Welfare State	40
	The Future Welfare State	41
	Welfare Reform and Social Justice	44
	Welfare Capitalism	45
	Chapter 2 Review	47
3.	Defining Communities	49
	Locality-Based Communities	51
	Planned Communities	52
	Communities of Identification and Interest	56
	Multiple Identities and Community Affiliations	57
	Examples of Identificational Communities	58
	Chapter 3 Review	69
4.	Community Competence and Systems Perspectives	70
	Barriers to Community Competence	72
	Systems Perspectives: An Overview	77
	Community as a Social System	82
	Application of a Social Systems Perspective	84
	Community as an "Ecology of Games"	86
	Chapter 4 Review	87
5.	Demographic Development of Communities	89
	Population Size	90
	Density in Communities	92
	Diversity in Communities	93
	Phases of Urbanization	97
	Edge Cities	99
	Urban Sprawl	101
	Rural Areas and Urbanization	103
	Human Capital and Rural Communities	104
	Demographic Changes in the Inner City	106
	Changes in Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Areas	109
	Gentrification	110
	Chapter 5 Review	112
6.	Stratification by Social Class	113
	The Meaning of Social Class	114
	Occupation, Income, and Education	115
	Lifestyle	116
	Social Classes as Communities of Identification	119
	The Underclass	120
	Social Mobility	121
	Social Class and Ethnic Minority Groups	121
	Chapter 6 Review	126
7.	Neighborhood Communities	128
	Neighborhood Boundaries and Social Mapping	129
	Neighborhood Appearance	132
	Neighborhood as Primary Group	133
	Neighborhood Functions	135
	Neighborhood Types	137
Model 1	Social Identity, Social Interaction, and Linkages	137
Model 2	Organizational and Value Dimensions	140
Model 3	Population and Organizational Factors	141
Model 4	Economic Level, Mobility, Segregation	142
	Neighborhoods as Enclaves	144
	Slum and Ghetto Neighborhoods	145
	Chapter 7 Review	148
8.	Social Class and Ethnic/Cultural Neighborhoods	149
	Social Class Neighborhoods	150
	Diversity in Social Class Neighborhoods	152
	Change in Social Status of Neighborhoods	153
	Ethnic Neighborhoods	154
	Spatial and Sociopsychological Communities	156
	Segregation in Neighborhoods	158
	White Flight	159
	Succession	160
	Creation and Maintenance of Residential Integration	163
	Examples of Diverse Neighborhoods	165
	Establishing Integration Objectives	167
	Settlement of New Immigrants	168
	Gay Community Neighborhoods	171
	Chapter 8 Review	173
9.	Community Social Welfare and Health Care Systems	174
	Service Sectors	175
	Human Service Organizations	176
	Self-Help and Support Organizations	180
	Private Practice of Social Work	183
	Community Organization--Environment Relationship	183
	Fields of Service	185
	Trends in Community Social Services and Health Care Systems	188
	Ethnicity and the Social Services System	193
	Health Care	196
	Trends in the Health Care System	199
	Chapter 9 Review	204
10.	The Community Educational System	205
	The Role of State and Federal Governments	206
	Structure of Public Education at the Community Level	211
	Health and Related Services	214
	Sex Education	215
	Sexual Harassment	216
	School Violence	216
	School-Community Relations	218
	Relationships to the Economic System	220
	Parent Involvement Approaches	221
	Desegregation of Schools	222
	Church-State Issues	224
	Financing of Public Education	227
	Schools as Communities	231
	Home Schooling	232
	School Reform	234
	School Choice Programs	236
	Multiculturalism as Curriculum Reform	239
	Social Work in the Schools	241
	Chapter 10 Review	244
11.	Community Economic System	245
	Economic System as a Set of Workplaces	246
	Equal Employment Opportunities	247
	Diversity in the Workplace	249
	Sexual Orientation and Workplace Discrimination	251
	Career Tracks	253
	Americans with Disabilities Act	256
	Ergonomics and the Workplace	258
	Sexual Harassment in the Workplace	259
	Family Support Programs	262
	Problems in Community Economic Systems	264
	Enterprise Zones/Empowerment Zones	266
	The Role of Banks in the Revitalization of Neighborhoods	268
	Welfare as a Part of the Economic System	271
	The Economy of the Ghetto	272
	The Working Poor and Minimum Wages	274
	Community Context for Welfare, Ghetto, and Working Poor	276
	Effects of Economic Conditions on the Middle Class	277
	Immigration and the Economy	278
	Chapter 11 Review	281
12.	Community Political System	283
	The Structure of a Community Political System	284
	Citizen Participation in Local Government	287
	Creation of Political Districts	288
	Community Power Perspectives	289
	Community Power from an Organizational Perspective	292
	Examples of Community Empowerment	293
	Criminal and Juvenile Justice System	298
	Community Government Responses to Crime	303
	Security in Schools	306
	Gun Control	306
	Native Americans and Violent Crime	307
	Chapter 12 Review	308
13.	Community Conflict	309
	The Process of Community Conflict	310
	Positive Functions of Community Conflict	311
	Community Conflicts and the Community System	312
	Community-Based Treatment Centers	312
	Urban Redevelopment	315
	Keeping Out the Homeless	316
	Controversies Over Adult Entertainment	316
	Conflict Over Art and Graffiti	317
	Conflicts Over Marches/Rallies	317
	Controversies Over Barricades	318
	Community Associations and Residents	319
	Local Governments and Religion-Based Communities	320
	Local Governments and Immigrants	320
	Chapter 13 Review	321
14.	Social Integration in Communities	322
	Social Networks	323
	Voluntary Associations and Social Integration	324
	Religion and Community Integration	325
	Mass Society, Residence, and Social Integration	327
	Obvious and Less Obvious Sources of Integration	328
	Business and Entertainment Neighborhoods	332
	Sports Teams and Community Attachment	333
	Reintegration into Communities	334
	Social Integration and the Unemployed	335
	Social Integration Among the Homeless	336
	Social Integration of New Immigrants	338
	Chapter 14 Review	339
15.	Communities and Social Work Practice	341
	The Societal Context of Communities	342
	American Society as a Welfare State	344
	Defining Communities and Community Competence	345
	Systems Perspectives for Understanding Communities	347
	Demographic Development of Communities	348
	Stratification by Social Class	349
	Neighborhood Communities	350
	Social Class and Ethnic/Cultural Communities	351
	Community Social Welfare and Health Care Systems	351
	Community Educational System	352
	The Community Economic System	354
	The Community Political System	354
	Community Conflict and Community Integration	355
	References	357
	Index	384