The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence Book

	List of Illustrations
	Acknowledgements
	Introduction
	A Note on Names and Spellings
1	The Shape of the Land	1
	Marsh and Forest	1
	The Man-Made Landscape	6
	The Baltic Cities	9
	Peasant Peoples	17
2	Surviving the Centuries	38
	The Ancient Baltic Peoples	38
	The Christian Conquest	42
	The Lithuanian Empire and the Union with Poland	46
	The Baltic Provinces under the Russian Empire	49
3	Independence Won and Lost, 1918-40	54
	The First Struggle for Independence	57
	Economic and Social Consolidation	61
	The Failure of Parliamentary Democracy, 1920-34	64
	The Roots of Authoritarianism	69
	Orphans of Versailles: Baltic Diplomacy, 1918-40	75
4	The Troglodyte International: The Soviet Impact on the Baltic	82
	Conquest and 'Revolution'	84
	The German Occupation	86
	Resistance: The 'Forest Brothers'	87
	Stalinism, Normalization, Stagnation	92
	The Soviet Establishment: Past, Present and Future?	99
	The Dissidents	103
5	Imagined Nations: Cycles of Cultural Rebirth	109
	Folklore and Nationalism	110
	The Creation of Language	117
	Myth is History and History as Myth	118
	Cultural Politics in the Reborn States	125
6	Lost Atlantises: The Half-Forgotten Nationalities of the Baltic	131
	An Area of Mixed Settlement	131
	The Baltic Germans	133
	The Jerusalem of Lithuania	139
	The Frontier of Poland	158
7	The Baltic Russians	174
	A Question of Identity	175
	The Baltic Russians through History	181
	The List Stand of the Soviet Union	188
	Defending the Legacy of Peter: The Soviet and Russian Military Presence	201
	Kaliningrad and the Kaliningrad Question	209
8	The Independence Movements and their Successors, 1987-92	214
	A Confusion of Terms	214
	Rise of the National Movements, 1987-90	219
	'Be Realistic: Ask the Impossible': The Declarations of Independence, 1990	230
	The 'Bloody Events': January to August 1991	244
	The Fragmentation of Politics and the Difficulties of Government: Lithuania	255
	Ethnic Estonian Politics, 1990-92	274
	Ethnic Latvian Politics, 1990-92	289
	The Baltic Independence Movements and the Baltic Russians	302
9	Building on Ruins: The Recreation of the New States	316
	The Baltic, Year Zero	316
	Achieving Military Control	319
	Industry and Energy	329
	Privatization and Corruption	337
	In the Scissors: Baltic Agriculture	347
	The New Currencies	355
	Banking on Chaos	362
	The Church	366
	Peoples Divided	368
	Conclusion: The West and the Baltic States	374
	Notes	385
	Appendix 1: Historical Chronology, 3500 BC-1985 AD	421
	Appendix 2: Contemporary Chronology 1985-92	426
	Appendix 3: Baltic Demography and Geography	432
	Appendix 4: The Soviet Baltic Economies on the Eve of the National Revolutions (1989-90)	435
	Appendix 5: Biographical Guide to Political Figures 1988-92	437
	Index	446