The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft Book

1 The Anthropological Study of Religion 1

The Anthropological Perspective 1

The Holistic Approach

The Study of Human Societies

The Fore of New Guinea: An Ethnographic Example

Two Ways of Viewing Culture

Cultural Relativism

BOX 1.1 • Karen McCarthy Brown and Vodou

The Concept of Culture

The Study of Religion

Attempts at Defining Religion

The Domain of Religion

Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Religion

BOX 1.2 • Malinowski and the Trobriand Islands

BOX 1.3 • Evans-Pritchard and the Azande

The Biological Basis of Religious Behavior

Conclusion

Summary

Suggested Readings

Suggested Websites

Study Questions

Endnotes

2 Mythology

The Nature of Myths

Worldview

Stories of the Supernatural

The Nature of Oral Texts

BOX 2.1 • Genesis

BOX 2.2 • The Gender-Neutral Christian Bible

Understanding Myths

Approaches to Analysis of Myths

BOX 2.3 • The Gururumba Creation Story

Common Themes in Myths

BOX 2.4 • The Navaho Creation Story: Diné Bahanè

BOX 2.5 • The Raven Steals the Light

BOX 2.6 • Joseph Campbell

Conclusion

Summary

Suggested Readings

Suggested Websites

Study Questions

Endnotes

3 Religious Symbols

What Is a Symbol?

Religious Symbols

BOX 3.1 • Religious Toys and Games

Sacred Art

The Sarcophagus of Lord Pakal

The Meaning of Color

Sacred Space and Sacred Time

The Meaning of Time

BOX 3.2 • The End of Time

Sacred Time and Space in Australia

The Symbolism of Music and Dance

The Symbolism of Music

The Symbolism of Dance

Conclusion

Summary

Suggested Readings

Suggested Websites

Study Questions

Endnotes

4 Ritual

The Basics of Ritual Performance

Prescriptive and Situational Rituals

Periodic and Occasional Rituals

A Classification of Rituals

A Survey of Rituals

Technological Rituals

Social Rites of Intensification

Therapy Rituals and Healing

Salvation Rituals

Revitalization Rituals

Rites of Passage

The Structure of a Rite of Passage

Coming-of-Age Rituals

Alterations of the Human Body

Pilgrimages

BOX 4.1 • The Hajj

The Huichol Pilgrimage

Religious Obligations

Tabu

Jewish Food Laws

BOX 4.2 • Menstrual Tabus

Conclusion 1

BOX 4.2 • The Way of the Amish

Summary

Suggested Readings

Suggested Websites

Study Questions

Endnotes

5 Altered States of Consciousness

The Nature of Altered States of Consciousness

Entering an Altered State of Consciousness

The Biological Basis of Altered States of Consciousness

BOX 5.1 • Altered States in Upper Paleolithic Art

Drug-Induced Altered States

BOX 5.2 • The Native American Church

Ethnographic Examples of Altered States of Consciousness

The Holiness Churches

San Healing Rituals

The Sun Dance of the Cheyenne

Religious Use of Drugs in South America

Rastafarians

Conclusion

Summary

Suggested Readings

Suggested Websites

Study Questions

Endnotes

6 Religious Specialists

Shamans

Defining Shamanism

Siberian Shamanism

Shamanism among the Akimel O’odham

Korean Shamanism

Pentecostal Healers as Shamans

Neoshamanism

BOX 6.1 • Clown Doctors as Shamans

Priests

Aztec Priests

Zuni Priests

Okinawan Priestesses

Eastern Orthodox Priests

Other Specialists

Healers and Diviners

BOX 6.2 • African Healers Meet Western Medicine

Prophets

Conclusion

Summary

Suggested Readings

Suggested Websites

Study Questions

Endnotes

7 Magic and Divination

The World of Magic

Magic and Religion

Magic and Science

Rules of Magic

The Function of Magic

Why Magic Works

Magic in Society

Magic in the Trobriand Islands

BOX 7.1 • Trobriand Island Magic

Magic among the Azande

Sorcery among the Fore

Wiccan Magic

Divination

Forms of Divination

Divination Techniques

BOX 7.2 • I Ching: The Book of Changes

Fore Divination

Oracles of the Azande

Divination in Ancient Greece: The Oracle at Delphi

Astrology

Conclusion

Summary

Suggested Readings

Suggested Websites

Study Questions

Endnotes

8 Souls, Ghosts, and Death

Souls and Ancestors

Variation in the Concept of the Soul

Souls, Death, and the Afterlife

BOX 8.1 • How Do You Get to Heaven?

Examples of Concepts of the Soul

Ancestors

BOX 8.2 • Determining Death

Bodies and Souls

Ghosts

The Living Dead: Vampires and Zombies

Death Rituals

Funeral Rituals

Disposal of the Body

U.S Death Rituals in the Nineteenth Century

U.S Funeral Rituals Today

BOX 8.3 • Roadside Memorials

Days of Death

Conclusion

Summary

Suggested Readings

Suggested Websites

Study Questions

Endnotes

9 Gods and Spirits

Spirits

The Dani View of the Supernatural

Guardian Spirits and the Native American Vision Quest

Jinn

Christian Angels and Demons

Gods

BOX 9.1 • Christian Demonic Exorcism in the United States

Types of Gods

Gods and Society

BOX 9.2 • Games and Gods

The Gods of the Yoruba

The Gods of the Ifugao

Goddesses

Monotheism: Conceptions of God in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Atheism

Conclusion

Summary

Suggested Readings

Suggested Websites

Study Questions

Endnotes

10 Witchcraft

The Concept of Witchcraft in Small-Scale Societies

Witchcraft among the Azande

Witchcraft among the Navaho

Witchcraft Reflects Human Culture

Sorcery, Witchcraft and AIDS

Euro-American Witchcraft Beliefs

The Connection with Pagan Religions

The Witchcraze in Europe

The Witchcraze in England and the United States

BOX 10.1 • The Evil Eye

BOX 10.2 • Satanism

Modern Day Witch Hunts

Conclusion

Summary

Suggested Readings

Suggested Websites

Study Questions

Endnotes

11 The Search for New Meaning

Adaptation and Change

Mechanisms of Culture Change

Acculturation

Syncretism

Haitian Vodou

Santeria

Revitalization Movements

The Origins of Revitalization Movements

Types of Revitalization Movements

Cargo Cults

BOX 11.1 • The John Frum Cult

The Ghost Dance of 1890

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormonism)

Neo-Paganism and Revival

The Wiccan Movement

New Religious Movements

The “Cult” Question

Characteristics of High Demand Religions

Examples of New Religious Movements

UFO Religions

Fundamentalism

Characteristics of Fundamentalist Groups

BOX 11.2 • Religious Violence and Terrorism

Conclusion

Summary

Suggested Readings

Suggested Websites

Study Questions

Endnotes

Glossary

Index