Surface Engineering of Polymer Membranes Book

1 Surface Engineering of Polymer Membranes: An Introduction 1

2 Techniques for Membrane Surface Characterization 5

2.1 General Principles 5

2.1.1 Sample Preparation 5

2.1.2 Where is the Surface? 6

2.1.3 Is it Really the Surface? 7

2.1.4 Invasive or Non-invasive 8

2.2 Chemical Composition of Membrane Surfaces 8

2.2.1 Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy 9

2.2.2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 11

2.2.3 Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SSIMS) 16

2.2.4 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) 18

2.3 Morphologies and Microstructures of Membrane Surfaces 21

2.3.1 Surface Morphology of Membrane 21

2.3.2 Introduction to Microscopy 21

2.3.3 Basic Conceptions in Microscopy 22

2.3.4 Optical Microscopy 24

2.3.5 Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy (LCSM) 26

2.3.6 Scanning Electron Microscope 30

2.3.7 Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy 35

2.3.8 Atomic Force Microscopy 39

2.4 Wettability of Membrane Surfaces 44

2.4.1 Wettability and Surface Properties of Membrane 44

2.4.2 Principle of Contact Angle 45

2.4.3 Methods for Contact Angle Measurement 48

2.4.4 Contact Angle Hysteresis 50

2.4.5 Factors Influencing the Contact Angle on Membrane Surfaces 51

2.5 Characterization of Biocompatibility of Membrane Surfaces 53

2.5.1 Non-specific Adsorption of Proteins 53

2.5.2 Interactions between Blood and Membrane 57

2.5.3 Interactions Between Cells and Membrane 60

References 61

3 Functionalization Methods for Membrane Surfaces 64

3.1 Introduction 64

3.2 Functionalization of Polymeric Membranes by Surface Modification 65

3.2.1 Coating 65

3.2.2 Self-assembly 65

3.2.3 ChemicalTreatment 67

3.2.4 Plasma Treatment 67

3.2.5 Graft Polymerization 69

3.3 Functionalization of Polymeric Membrane by Molecular Imprinting 71

3.3.1 Formation of Imprinting Sites by Surface Photografting 72

3.3.2 Formation of Imprinting Sites by Surface Deposition 72

3.3.3 Formation of Imprinting Sites by Emulsion Polymerization on the Surface 73

3.4 Functionalization of Polymeric Membrane by Enzyme Immobilization 74

3.4.1 Enzyme Immobilization by Physical Absorption 74

3.4.2 Enzyme Immobilization by Chemical Binding 74

3.4.3 Enzyme Immobilization by Entrapment 75

3.4.4 Other Methods for Enzyme Immobilization 76

3.5 Conclusion 77

References 77

4 Surface Modification by Graft Polymerization 80

4.1 Introduction 80

4.2 Graft Polymerization on Membranes 81

4.2.1 Surface Modification by Chemical Graft Polymerization 81

4.2.2 Surface Modification by Plasma-induced Graft Polymerization 86

4.2.3 Surface Modification by UV-induced Graft Polymerization 94

4.2.4 Surface Modification by High-energy Radiation-initiated Graft 103

4.2.5 Other Methods 108

4.3 Applications of Surface Modified Membranes 109

4.3.1 Environmental Stimuli-responsive Gating Membranes 109

4.3.2 Antifouling Membranes 116

4.3.3 Adsorption Membranes 118

4.3.4 Pervaporation and Reverse Osmosis 122

4.3.5 Membranes for Energy Conversion Applications 125

4.3.6 Nanofiltration Membrane Preparation 131

4.3.7 Gas Separation 132

4.3.8 Biomedical and Biological Applications 132

4.4 Conclusion 133

References 133

5 Surface Modification by Macromolecule Immobilization 150

5.1 Introduction 150

5.2 Immobilization with Synthetic Polymers 151

5.2.1 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 151

5.2.2 Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PNVP) 155

5.2.3 Other Synthetic Polymers 158

5.3 Biomacromolecules 161

5.3.1 Non-immune Proteins 161

5.3.2 Antibodies (IgGs) 162

5.3.3 DNAs 164

5.4 Conclusion 166

References 167

6 Membranes with Phospholipid Analogous Surfaces 170

6.1 Introduction 170

6.2 Structure and Function of Biomembranes 171

6.3 Biocompatibility of the Phospholipid 171

6.4 Synthesis of Phospholipid Analogous Polymers 173

6.4.1 Side Chain Type of Phospholipid Analogous Polymers 173

6.4.2 Backbone Chain Types of Phospholipid Analogous Polymers 179

6.4.3 Other Phospholipid Analogous Polymers 181

6.5 Surface Modification of Polymeric Membrane with Phospholipid 181

6.5.1 Surface Adsorption and Coating 182

6.5.2 Physical Blending 184

6.5.3 Surface Grafting Polymerization 185

6.5.4 In-situ Polymerization 190

6.5.5 Surface Chemical Treatment 192

6.6 Conclusion 197

References 197

7 Membranes with Glycosylated Surface 202

7.1 Introduction 202

7.2 Surface Modification with Natural Polysaccharides 204

7.2.1 Heparin 204

7.2.2 Chitosan 207

7.3 Surface Modification with Synthetic Glycopolymers 208

7.3.1 Glycosylation by UV-induced polymerization 208

7.3.2 Glycosylation by Polymer Analogous Reactions 216

7.3.3 Glycosylation by Surface Initiated Living Polymerization 218

7.4 Conclusion 221

References 222

8 Molecularly Imprinted Membranes 225

8.1 Introduction 225

8.1.1 Development of Molecular Imprinting Technology 226

8.1.2 Basic Theory of Molecular Imprinting Technology 227

8.2 Preparation Methods and Morphologies of Molecularly Imprinted Membranes 231

8.2.1 Bulk Polymerization 232

8.2.2 Physical Mixing 234

8.2.3 Surface Imprinting 242

8.3 Separation Mechanism of Molecularly Imprinted Membranes 247

8.3.1 Facilitated and Retarded Permeation 248

8.3.2 Gate Effect 250

8.4 Potential Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Membranes 251

8.4.1 Separation Technology 252

8.4.2 Sensor and Controlled Release 254

8.5 Conclusion and Outlook 254

References 255

9 Membrane with Biocatalytic Surface 263

9.1 Introduction 263

9.2 Enzyme Immobilization 265

9.2.1 Natural Polymer-based Membranes 265

9.2.2 Synthetic Polymer-based Membranes 273

9.3 Applications 291

9.3.1 Membrane Bioreactor 291

9.3.2 Biosensor 295

9.4 Conclusion and Outlook 297

References 297

10 Nanofibrous Membrane with Functionalized Surface 306

10.1 Introduction 306

10.1.1 Principal and Fundamental Aspects 306

10.1.2 Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers 308

10.2 Nanofibrous Membrane Functionalization 311

10.2.1 Biocatalytic Electrospun Membrane 312

10.2.2 Affinity Electrospun Membrane 322

10.3 Conclusion and Outlook 325

References 326

Index 329