Subjects and Universal Grammar: An Explanatory Theory Book

Preface     xiii
Notes on the text     xvi
List of abbreviations used in glosses     xvii
On subjects and explanation     1
Overview     1
Subject properties     2
First approximation     2
Case and subjects     7
Second approximation     12
On explanation     16
General considerations     16
Subject as structural position     16
Subject as grammatical relation     19
Subject as grammatical function     21
The formal framework     24
A look ahead     28
Most prominent argument     30
Argumenthood     30
First approximation     30
Argument structure and hierarchies     32
Most prominent argument     36
Mismatches between argument structure and grammatical functions     39
Mapping in mixed-subject languages     44
Further thoughts on argument mapping     46
Specification of argument properties     47
Introductory remarks     47
Null arguments     49
Imperative addressee     59
Anaphora     60
Anaphoric prominence     60
Switch-reference     66
Summary     72
Pivot     73
The pivot function     73
The concept     73
Formalization: the Pivot Condition     76
Uniform subjects and mixed subjects     78
Pivothood and constructions     83
Types of constructions     83
Distinguishing formal constructions     89
Multiple pivots     92
Clause-internal PIV properties     95
External position     95
Other clause-internal properties     98
Some morphology     100
Forthcoming attractions     105
Long-distance dependencies     106
About long-distance dependencies     106
Functional uncertainty     107
Pivots and non-pivots     110
Matrix subjects     119
Across-the-board extraction     122
The that-trace effect     128
Summary     134
Control constructions     135
Overview of the issues     135
The semantic basis of control     137
Syntactic types of control     140
Subjecthood and control      142
General     142
Case study: Tagalog     147
A non-problem in Balinese     152
Other control constructions     154
Non-complement equi     154
Raising     155
Conclusion     161
Universality     163
Non-subject languages     163
The realization of arguments     166
Universality of the Pivot Function     170
Case study: Acehnese     170
Topic prominence     175
Pivotless languages     178
Conclusion     195
Competing theories     197
Other approaches     197
Typological approach     198
Functionalism     201
Inverse mapping and multistratal subjects     203
Constituent structure approaches     208
Final thoughts     219
References     222
Language index     231
Author index     233
General index     235