Strategic Public Speaking: A Handbook Book

Chapter 1 Welcome to Public Speaking

1.1 Why Study Public Speaking?

Develop Specific Communication Skills

Focus on Critical Thinking and Strategic Planning

1.2 Public Speaking and Communication

1.3 The Rhetorical Situation

What is the Rhetorical Situation?

Determinants of the Rhetorical Situation

1.4 Goals and Strategies for Your First Speech

A Clear Message

Establishing Positive Ethos

1.5 Strategies for Organizing Your Speech

The Introduction

The Body

The Conclusion

1.6 The One-Point Speech

The Speech of Introduction

1.7 Practicing the Speech

Outlining Your Speech

Practicing Your Delivery

1.8 Strategies for Overcoming Speech Anxiety

1.9 The Quest for Quality

Purpose and Quality

Feedback and Quality

1.10 Ethics: Respect for Audience, Topic, and Occasion

Respect for Your Listeners

Respect for Your Topic

Responsibility for Your Statements

Concern for the Consequences of Your Speech

Chapter 2 Listening Critically

2.1 Why Listening Is Important

Checking for Accuracy

Giving (and Getting) Feedback

Evaluating Messages

2.2 Why Listening Is Difficult

Listener Distractions

Limited Attention Span

Jumping to Conclusions

Situational Distractions

2.3 Strategies for Careful Listening

Mapping

Note Taking

2.4 Listening Critically

Critical Thinking

Applying Critical Thinking to the Speech Situation

2.5 Evaluating Speeches Critically

Evaluation Standards

Evaluating Classroom Speeches

Evaluating Speeches in the Field

Rhetorical Criticism

Chapter 3 Analyzing Your Audience

3.1 Checking Audience Demographics

Size

Heterogeneity

Voluntary versus Captive Audience

Composition

3.2 Respecting Audience Cultures

Self-Interest

Personal Interests

Beliefs and Values

Prior Understanding

Common Knowledge and Experience

Roles and Reference Groups

Cultural Diversity

3.3 Understanding Audience Psychology

Selective Exposure and Selective Attention

Perception

3.4 Strategies for Analyzing the Audience

Formal Methods

Informal Methods

Simplifying Devices

Critical Appraisal

3.5 Analyzing Your Own Ethos

Chapter 4 Choosing a Topic and Developing a Strategy

4.1 Understanding the Rhetorical Situation

The Audience

The Occasion

The Speaker

The Speech

4.2 What Makes a Good Topic?

4.3 How to Choose a Good Topic

Conduct a Personal Inventory

Use Finding Aids

Narrow the Topic

4.4 Developing a Strategic Plan

Identifying the Purpose

Identifying the Constraints

Identifying the Opportunities

Selecting the Means

4.5 Developing the Purpose Statement and the Thesis Statement

The Purpose Statement

The Thesis Statement

4.6 Analyzing the Thesis Statement

Identifying the Issues

Why Identify the Issues?

Chapter 5 Researching the Topic

5.1 Strategic Perspectives on Research

5.2 Types of Supporting Material

Personal Experience

Common Knowledge

Direct Observation

Examples

Documents

Statistics

Testimony

5.3 Finding Supporting Material from People

Memory

Interviews

5.4 Finding Supporting Material in Print

Books

Reference Works

Periodicals

Newspapers

Government Publications

5.5 Finding Supporting Material Electronically

Types of Information on the Web

Searching for Information on the Web

Avoiding Information Overload

Finding Useful Information

Evaluating Internet Evidence

A Strategy for Research

5.6 Note Taking and Filing

Chapter 6 Reasoning

6.1 Proof, Support, and Reasoning

Rhetorical Proof

Proof and the Audience

Components of Proof

Using Rhetorical Proof in Your Speech

6.2 Strategies for Reasoning through Example

Types of Inference from Example

Tests for Inference from Example

Guidelines for Reasoning through Example

6.3 Strategies for Reasoning through Analogy

Types of Inference from Analogy

Tests for Inference from Analogy

Guidelines for Reasoning through Analogy

6.4 Strategies for Reasoning through Signs

Types of Inference from Signs

Tests for Inference from Signs

Guidelines for Reasoning through Signs

6.5 Strategies for Reasoning through Cause

Types of Inference from Cause

Tests for Inference from Cause

Guidelines for Reasoning through Cause

6.6 Strategies for Reasoning through Testimony

Types of Inference from Testimony

Tests for Inference from Testimony

Guidelines for Reasoning through Testimony

6.7 Strategies for Reasoning through Narrative

Tests for Inference from Narrative

6.8 Avoiding Errors in Reasoning

Six General Tests of Inferences

6.9 Reasoning in Public Speaking

Chapter 7 Organizing the Speech: The Body

7.1 Why Is Organization Important?

7.2 Selecting the Main Ideas

Identifying Your Main Ideas

Choosing Among Main Ideas

Criteria for Selecting the Main Ideas

Characteristics of the Main Ideas

7.3 Arranging the Main Ideas

Are the Main Ideas Dependent?

Patterns for Arranging Main Ideas

Choosing the Organizational Pattern

7.4 Selecting and Arranging Supporting Materials

Selecting Supporting Materials

Arranging Supporting Materials

Chapter 8 Organizing the Speech: Introductions, Conclusion, and Transitions

8.1 Introductions: Beginning the Speech

The Purposes of an Introduction

An Example of an Introduction

Types of Introductions

Strategies for Preparing an Introduction

8.2 Conclusions: Ending the Speech

The Purposes of a Conclusion

An Example of a Conclusion

Types of Conclusions

Strategies for Preparing a Conclusion

8.3 Transitions: Connecting the Elements of a Speech

The Purposes of Transitions

Elements of Effective Transitions

Strategies for Preparing Transitions

Chapter 9 Outlining the Speech

9.1 The Preparation Outline

What Does a Good Outline Look Like?

Constructing the Preparation Outline

Outlining Introductions and Conclusions

Outlining Transitions

Citing Supporting Materials in the Outline

9.2 The Presentation Outline

Guidelines for the Presentation Outline

Use Note Cards

Refer to Supporting Materials

Use Stage Directions

Use an Outline in Rehearsal

9.3 Sample Outlines

Chapter 10 Achieving Style Through Language

10.1 What Is Style?

Style in a Speech

Style and Language

Oral Style Versus Written Style

Performative Versus Conversational Style

Basic Requirements for Effective Style

10.2 Defining Terms Appropriately

Neutral Definitions

Denotation and Connotation in Definitions

Persuasive Definitions

10.3 Achieving Clarity, Rhythm, and Vividness

Clarity

How Clear Should You Be?

Rhythm

Vividness

10.4 Style and the Entire Speech

Choosing the Right Level of Style

Finding the Right Pace and Proportion

Memorable Phrases

Congruence of Language and Delivery

10.5 Achieving Good Style

Erroneous Assumptions About Speeches

Suggestions for Developing and Improving Style

Chapter 11 Presenting the Speech

11.1 Characteristics of Effective Presentation

11.2 The Voice in Presentation

Volume

Pitch

Rate

Pauses

Articulation and Enunciation

Pronunciation

11.3 The Body in Presentation

Physical Appearance

Movement

Gesture

Facial Expression

11.4 Modes of Presentation

Impromptu Presentation

Memorized Presentation

Manuscript Presentation

Extemporaneous Presentation

11.5 Practicing for Speech Presentation

The Presentation Outline

Mental Rehearsal

Oral Practice

Simulation

Chapter 12 Using Visual Aids

12.1 Benefits of Using Visual Aids

12.2 Types of Visual Aids

12.3 Choosing Materials for Visual Aids

12.4 Preparing Visual Aids

12.5 Computer-Generated Visual Aids

12.6 Using Visual Aids in the Speech

Chapter 13 Informing

13.1 Planning Your Strategy

Defining Your Specific Purpose

Informing Your Audience

Clarifying Your Informative Goal

13.2 Informative Strategies

Defining

Reporting

Describing

Explaining

Demonstrating

Comparing

13.3 Encouraging Retention

Chapter 14 Persuading

14.1 Purposes Achieved Through Persuasive Strategies

Weakening Commitment

Conversion

Inducing a Specific Action

Inducing a Specific Action

14.2 Plan Your Strategy

14.3 The Elaboration Likelihood Model

14.4 Constraints on Effective Persuasive Speaking

Selective Listening

Selective Perception

Selective Influence

14.5 Strategic Resources for Specific Purposes

14.6 Generally Available Strategic Resources

Select Appropriate Supporting Materials

Use Sound Reasoning

Follow Appropriate Organizational Patterns

Establish Positive Ethos

Encourage Retention Through Reinforcement

Achieve Identification

14.7 Organizing Persuasive Speeches

The Problem–Solution Speech

The Motivated Sequence

Chapter 15 Occasions for Public Speaking

15.1 Fitting Your Speech to the Occasion

Influence of the Occasion

The Concept of Decorum

Identifying Your Purpose

15.2 Deliberative Speaking

The Nature of Deliberative Speaking

Oral Reports and Presentations

Group Presentations

Responding to Questions

15.3 Ceremonial Speaking

Reexperiencing a Common Past

Guidelines for Ceremonial Speaking

15.4 Ceremonial Speaking Occasions

Speeches of Greeting

Speeches of Tribute

Speeches Marking Awards

15.5 Speeches Combining Deliberative and Ceremonial Goals

Speeches Posing Challenges

Commencement Speeches