Speaking in Other Voices: An Ethnography of Walloon Puppet Theaters Book

	List of Photographs
	List of Charts and excerpts from scripts, performances and Walloon literature
	Preface
	Acknowledgements
	Note on translations and transcriptions
1	Introduction	1
2	Heteroglossia in Liege	11
2.1	Language Change, Language Heterogeneity	12
2.2	Linguistic Heterogeneity in Liege Prior to the Belgian State	14
2.3	Metalinguistic Discourses in Belgium	18
2.4	Contemporary Spoken Varieties along the French/Walloon Continuum	26
2.5	Social Factors Triggering the Use of Walloon	34
2.6	The Maintenance of Walloon in Verbal Art	39
3	Class and Culture in 19th century Liege and the Rise of the Puppet Theater	43
3.1	Work and Leisure: Setting the Scene	44
3.2	Early Accounts of Puppetry	46
3.3	The Changing Material Conditions	51
3.4	Bourgeois Discovery of the Puppet Theater	55
3.5	Folklore and Nation	63
4	Manipulations and Transformations	67
4.1	Cultural Discourses	68
4.2	Work and Leisure	70
4.3	The Belgian Centennial	73
4.4	Who Speaks for the Puppets?: Joseph Maurice Remouchamps, Rodolphe de Warsage and Thomas Talbot	75
4.5	Battles of Representation	85
4.6	Gaston Engels and Adrien Dufour: Speaking Through Puppets Across Time	89
4.7	Changes in Form and Content	96
5	The Past in the Present and the Practice of Puppetry	99
5.1	Speaking Through Puppets: Genre, Tradition, and Style	99
5.2	Connection to the Past through Stories, Books and Puppets	106
5.3	Voices of the Master, or Becoming a Puppeteer 1	121
5.4	Performance Settings	135
5.5	Past and Present	141
6	Entextualization/Intertextuality	143
6.1	Writing Scripts	144
6.2	Script to Performance	150
6.3	Refractions of the Nativity	159
6.4	Li Naissance: Semantico-Referential Variations	163
6.5	Framing Performance	173
7	Closing Intertextual Gaps	181
7.1	Cultural Transmission	181
7.2	Unscripted Continuity	188
7.3	Rhythmic Continuity	196
8	Embodying Identities 201	201
8.1	Puppet Bodies and Voices: Semiotic Insights	202
8.2	The Sociolinguistics of Performance	206
8.3	Social Indexes in the Puppet Theater	219
8.4	Evaluating Puppet Voices	235
9	Religion and War	237
9.1	Mimesis in Religion and War	237
9.2	Religion and War in Official Discourse	243
9.3	The Racial Other	246
9.4	Religion, Race, and War in the Puppet Theater	250
10	The World of Puppets, The World of Puppeteers: Politics in Performance	253
10.1	Gender and Class	253
10.2	Immigration and Work	265
10.3	Language Politics	270
10.4	Regional Language Politics in Performance	272
10.5	National Language Politics in Performance	274
	Conclusion	277
	Notes	281
	Appendix	295
	List of Published References	297
	Archival Sources	316
	Index	319