Small Antennas in Portable Devices Book

PREFACE xiii

1. QUALITY FACTORS OF ESA 1

1.1 Introduction / 1

1.2 Chu Antenna Q / 4

1.3 Collin and Rothschild Q Analysis / 8

1.4 Thal Antenna Q / 14

1.5 Radian Sphere with Mu and/or Epsilon: TE Modes / 16

1.6 Radian Sphere with Mu and/or Epsilon: TM Modes / 22

1.7 Effects of Core Losses / 28

1.8 Q for Spheroidal Enclosures / 34

References / 36

2. BANDWIDTH AND MATCHING 39

2.1 Introduction / 39

2.2 Foster’s Reactance Theorem and Smith Chart / 39

2.3 Fano’s Matching Limitations / 41

2.4 Matching Circuit Loss Magnification / 46

2.5 Network and Z0 Matching / 48

2.6 Non-Foster Matching Circuits / 50

2.7 Matched and High-Z Preamp Monopoles / 51

2.7.1 A Short Monopole Matched at One Frequency / 52

2.7.2 Short Monopole with High-Impedance Amplifier / 54

References / 55

3. ELECTRICALLY SMALL ANTENNAS: CANONICAL TYPES 59

3.1 Introduction / 59

3.2 Dipole Basic Characteristics / 59

3.2.1 Dipole Impedance and Bandwidth / 59

3.2.2 Resistive and Reactive Loading / 67

3.2.3 Other Loading Configurations / 76

3.2.4 Short Flat Resonant Dipoles / 78

3.2.5 Spherical Helix Antennas / 82

3.2.6 Multiple Resonance Antennas / 84

3.2.6.1 Spherical Dipole; Arc Antennas / 84

3.2.6.2 Multiple Mode Antennas / 86

3.2.6.3 Q Comparisons / 87

3.2.7 Evaluation of Moment Method Codes for Electrically Small Antennas / 88

3.3 Partial Sleeve, PIFA, and Patch / 93

3.3.1 Partial Sleeve / 93

3.3.2 PIFA Designs / 94

3.3.3 Patch with Permeable Substrate / 98

3.4 Loops / 101

3.4.1 Air Core Loops, Single and Multiple Turns / 101

3.4.2 Permeable Core Loops / 107

3.4.3 Receiving Loops / 114

3.4.4 Vector Sensor / 116

3.5 Dielectric Resonator Antennas / 120

References / 127

4. CLEVER PHYSICS, BUT BAD NUMBERS 135

4.1 Contrawound Toroidal Helix Antenna / 135

4.2 Transmission Line Antennas / 138

4.3 Halo, Hula Hoop, and DDRR Antennas / 138

4.4 Dielectric-Loaded Antennas / 140

4.5 Meanderline Antennas / 141

4.6 Cage Monopole / 142

References / 143

5. PATHOLOGICAL ANTENNAS 147

5.1 Crossed-Field Antenna / 147

5.2 Infinite Efficiency Antenna / 149

5.3 E–H Antenna / 150

5.4 TE–TM Antenna / 150

5.5 Crossed Dipoles / 151

5.6 Snyder Dipole / 152

5.7 Loop-Coupled Loop / 155

5.8 Multiarm Dipole / 158

5.9 Complementary Pair Antenna / 158

5.10 Integrated Antenna / 159

5.11 Q ¼ 0 Antenna / 160

5.12 Antenna in a NIM Shell / 161

5.13 Fractal Antennas / 162

5.14 Antenna on a Chip / 170

5.15 Random Segment Antennas / 171

5.16 Multiple Multipoles / 171

5.17 Switched Loop Antennas / 173

5.18 Electrically Small Focal Spots / 174

5.19 ESA Summary / 174

References / 175

6. SUPERDIRECTIVE ANTENNAS 181

6.1 History and Motivation / 181

6.2 Maximum Directivity / 182

6.2.1 Apertures / 182

6.2.2 Arrays / 183

6.2.2.1 Broadside Arrays of Fixed Spacing / 183

6.2.2.2 Endfire Arrays / 186

6.2.2.3 Minimization Codes / 192

6.2.2.4 Resonant Endfire Arrays / 192

6.3 Constrained Superdirectivity / 194

6.3.1 Dolph–Chebyshev Superdirectivity / 194

6.3.2 Superdirective Ratio Constraint / 198

6.3.3 Bandwidth or Q Constraint / 200

6.3.4 Phase or Position Adjustment / 200

6.3.5 Tolerance Constraint / 201

6.4 Bandwidth, Efficiency, and Tolerances / 201

6.4.1 Bandwidth / 201

6.4.2 Efficiency / 205

6.4.3 Tolerances / 208

6.5 Miscellaneous Superdirectivity / 209

6.6 Superdirective Antenna Summary / 210

References / 210

7. SUPERCONDUCTING ANTENNAS 215

7.1 Introduction / 215

7.2 Superconductivity Concepts for Antenna Engineers / 215

7.3 Dipole, Loop, and Patch Antennas / 221

7.3.1 Loop and Dipole Antennas / 222

7.3.2 Microstrip Antennas / 223

7.3.3 Array Antennas / 225

7.3.4 Millimeter-Wave Antennas / 229

7.3.4.1 Waveguide Flat Plane Array / 229

7.3.4.2 Microstrip Planar Array / 230

7.3.5 Submillimeter Antennas / 232

7.3.6 Low-Temperature Superconducting Antennas / 232

7.4 Phasers and Delay Lines / 233

7.5 Superconducting Antenna Summary / 236

References / 236

APPENDIX A A WORLD HISTORY OF ELECTRICALLY SMALL ANTENNAS 243

APPENDIX B DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USEFUL TO ESA 277

APPENDIX C SPHERICAL SHELL OF ENG METAMATERIAL SURROUNDING A DIPOLE ANTENNA 279

APPENDIX D FREQUENCY DISPERSION LIMITS RESOLUTION IN VESELAGO LENS 307

AUTHOR INDEX 335

SUBJECT INDEX 343