Sizing up U. S. export disincentives Book

	Preface
	Acknowledgements
	Overview and Summary	1
	Overview	1
	Background	5
	Contents	6
1	Exports and American Competitiveness	11
	Data Profile	12
	Why Are Exports Important?	19
	So Are Some Export Patterns Better Than Others?	24
	Are Sales from Overseas Affiliates Just as Good?	25
	Important Caveats and Distinctions	28
2	Characterizing US Export Disincentives: The Issues	31
	Definitions and Taxonomy	31
	Archetypical US XDs	33
	Further Distinctions	41
	Summing Up XDs: Additionality and Avoidability	47
	Additionality and Offsets: Some Illustrations	50
3	The Commentators' Catalog of US Export Disincentives	55
	Consensus XDs	56
	Controversial XDs	59
	Neglected XDs	63
4	Estimates and Issues from Numerical Approaches	69
	Numerical Estimates from Previous Studies	70
	Generic Order-of-Magnitude Estimates from Numerical Simulations	71
	A Notoriously Inscrutable Illustration: Officially Supported Export Credits	86
	Avoidability, Additionality, and the Numerical Approaches	90
5	Estimates and Issues from Econometric Approaches	91
	The Approaches in General and Antecedents	91
	Approach No. 1: Demand-Constricting XDs and US Export Variation across Trading Partners	92
	Approach No. 2: Cost-Inflicting XDs across 50 States	106
	Avoidability, Additionality, and the Econometric Approaches	119
	Summing Up the Sizing-Up Calculations	120
6	Sizing Up the Export Disincentives Enterprise and the Policy Options	125
	The Size and Range of US Export Disincentives	126
	Policy Implications	132
	Was the Enterprise Worthwhile?	137
	Appendix A "Calibration Counterfactual": Approaches to Simulating Export Disincentives Numerically	139
	Appendix B Gravity Models of Export Variation Across Trading Partners	147
	Appendix C Generalized Factor Endowments Models of Export Variation Across Trading Regions	151
	References	163
	Index	175