Self-Assembly and Nanotechnology Systems: Design, Characterization, and Applications Book

PREFACE xvii

ABBREVIATIONS xix

PART I BUILDING UNITS 1

1 Self-Assembly Systems 3

1.1. Self-Assembly / 4

1.2. Identification of Building Units / 6

1.2.1. What Is a Self-Assembly Building Unit? / 6

1.2.2. Segmental Analysis / 7

1.2.2.1. Three Fundamental Segments / 7

1.2.2.2. Two Additional Segments / 11

1.3. Implication of Building Unit Structures for Self-Assemblies / 15

1.4. General Assembly Diagram / 17

1.5. Collection of Building Units / 23

1.5.1. Basic Building Units / 23

1.5.2. Directionally Assembling Building Units / 26

1.5.3. Asymmetrically Packing Building Units / 28

1.5.4. Functional Building Units / 28

1.6. Concluding Remarks / 30

References / 31

2 Nanotechnology Systems 33

2.1. Nanoassembly / 35

2.2. Identification of Building Units / 37

2.2.1. What Is a Nanoassembly Building Unit? / 37

2.2.2. Fabrication Building Units / 38

2.2.3. Reactive Building Units / 40

2.3. Nanoelements / 41

2.4. Implication of Building Unit Structures for Nanoassemblies / 42

2.5. General Assembly Diagram / 45

2.6. Self-Assembly, Nanoassembly, and Nanofabrication / 51

2.7. Collection of Building Units / 54

2.7.1. Ligand-Protected Nanoparticles / 54

2.7.2. Functional Surfaces / 56

2.7.3. Reactive Precursors / 57

2.7.4. Substrates / 57

2.7.5. Reducing Agents / 58

2.8. Concluding Remarks / 58

References / 60

PART II DESIGN 61

3 Identification of Self-Assembly Capability 63

3.1. Assembly Issue / 63

3.2. General Overview / 64

3.3. Assembly Principles / 65

3.3.1. Molecular Self-Assembly / 65

3.3.1.1. Ionic Surfactants / 69

3.3.1.2. Nonionic Surfactants / 70

3.3.2. Colloidal Self-Assembly / 71

3.3.2.1. Colloids with Different Origins / 74

3.3.2.2. Colloids with Different Sizes / 75

3.3.3. Directionally Assembling Systems / 77

3.3.4. Self-Assembly at Surfaces / 81

3.3.4.1. Hydrophobic Surfaces / 82

3.3.4.2. Hydrophilic Surfaces / 87

3.4. Collection of Primary Self-Assembled Aggregates / 89

3.5. Summary / 89

References / 91

4 Identification of Multi-Step Self-Assemblies 93

4.1. Assembly Issue / 93

4.2. General Overview / 94

4.3. Assembly Principles / 96

4.3.1. Molecular Self-Assembly of Surfactants / 97

4.3.2. Colloidal Self-Assembly / 102

4.4. Collection of Higher-Order Self-Assembled Aggregates / 105

4.5. Collection of Self-Assembled Aggregates within Biological Systems / 107

4.6. Summary / 108

References / 110

5 Control of the Structures of Self-Assembled Aggregates 111

5.1. Assembly Issue / 111

5.2. General Overview / 112

5.2.1. Primary Self-Assembled Aggregates / 112

5.2.2. Higher-Order Self-Assembled Aggregates / 113

5.3. Assembly Principles / 115

5.3.1. Primary Self-Assembled Aggregates / 115

5.3.1.1. Molecular Systems I / 117

5.3.1.2. Molecular Systems II / 121

5.3.1.3. Colloidal Systems / 125

5.3.2. Higher-Order Self-Assembled Aggregates / 130

5.3.2.1. Molecular Systems / 132

5.3.2.2. Colloidal Systems / 134

5.4. Collection of the Structures of Self-Assembled Aggregates / 136

5.4.1. Primary Self-Assembled Aggregates / 136

5.4.2. Higher-Order Self-Assembled Aggregates / 137

5.5. Summary / 139

References / 140

6 Hierarchy and Chirality of Self-Assembled Aggregates 141

6.1. Assembly Issue / 141

6.2. General Overview / 142

6.3. Assembly Principles / 143

6.3.1. Molecular Systems / 145

6.3.2. Surface Systems / 148

6.4. Collection of Hierarchy within Self-Assembled Aggregates / 156

6.5. Collection of Chirality Expressed by Self-Assembled Aggregates / 157

6.6. Summary / 159

References / 160

7 Assembly with Multiple Building Units 161

7.1. Assembly Issue / 161

7.2. General Overview / 163

7.3. Assembly Principles / 164

7.3.1. Analysis of Building Units / 164

7.3.2. Assembly of Nanoassembled Systems / 168

7.3.2.1. Homogeneous Assemblies / 168

7.3.2.2. Sequential Assemblies / 172

7.3.2.3. Hierarchical Assemblies / 177

7.3.3. General Assembly Trends / 180

7.3.3.1. Homogeneous Assemblies / 180

7.3.3.2. Heterogeneous Assemblies I / 182

7.3.3.3. Surface Assemblies / 183

7.3.3.4. Heterogeneous Assemblies II / 184

7.4. Collection of Nanoassembled Systems I / 185

7.5. Collection of Nanoporous Solids / 186

7.5.1. Synthetic Zeolites / 187

7.5.2. Metal-Organic Frameworks / 189

7.6. Summary / 189

References / 189

8 Directed and Forced Assemblies 191

8.1. Assembly Issue / 191

8.2. General Overview / 192

8.3. Assembly Principles / 196

8.3.1. Analysis of Building Units / 196

8.3.2. Assembly under External Forces / 199

8.3.2.1. Forced Assemblies / 199

8.3.2.2. Directed/Forced Assemblies / 204

8.3.2.3. Directed Assemblies / 208

8.3.3. General Assembly Trends under External Forces / 213

8.3.3.1. Forced Assemblies / 214

8.3.3.2. Directed/Forced Assemblies / 215

8.3.3.3. Directed Assemblies / 216

8.3.3.4. Window of Critical External Forces / 218

8.4. Techniques for Directed and Forced Assemblies / 219

8.5. Surface-Induced Directed and Forced Assemblies / 220

8.6. Collection of Nanoassembled Systems II / 220

8.7. Summary / 222

References / 222

PART III APPLICATIONS 225

9 External Signal–Responsive Nanomaterials 227

9.1. Nanoissue / 227

9.2. General Overview / 228

9.3. Assembly Principles / 231

9.3.1. External Signal–Responsive Molecular Assemblies / 231

9.3.1.1. Light-Responsive Assemblies / 232

9.3.1.2. Catalytic Reaction–Responsive Assemblies / 235

9.3.1.3. Electrochemical-Responsive Assemblies / 237

9.3.1.4. Solution pH–Responsive Assemblies / 239

9.3.2. External Signal–Responsive Colloidal Assemblies / 242

9.3.2.1. Thermo-Responsive Assemblies / 244

9.3.2.2. Solution pH–Responsive Assemblies / 245

9.3.2.3. Magnetic Field–Responsive Assemblies / 247

9.4. Collection of External Signal–Responsive Assembly Systems / 250

9.5. From Assembly Systems to Nanomaterials / 250

9.6. Collection of External Signal–Responsive Nanomaterials / 253

9.7. Summary / 254

References / 255

10 Nanomaterials with Intrinsic Functionalities 257

10.1. Nanoissue / 257

10.2. General Overview / 258

10.3. Assembly Principles / 261

10.3.1. Molecular Assembled Systems / 263

10.3.2. Colloidal Assembled Systems / 267

10.4. From Assembled Systems to Nanomaterials / 270

10.5. Collection of Nanomaterials with Intrinsic Functionalities / 270

10.6. Summary / 272

References / 272

11 Nanostructures: Designed to Perform 275

11.1. Nanoissue / 275

11.2. General Overview / 276

11.3. Assembly Principles / 277

11.3.1. Analysis of Building Units / 277

11.3.2. Nanostructure Assemblies / 281

11.3.3. Nanopore-Based Nanostructures / 283

11.3.4. Nanoparticle-Based Nanostructures / 287

11.3.5. Nanofilm-Based Nanostructures / 292

11.3.6. General Trends / 297

11.4. Collection of Common Nanostructure Names / 298

11.5. Collection of Nanostructures and Their Applications / 298

11.6. Summary / 301

References / 303

12 Nanoproperties: Controlled to Express 305

12.1. Nanoissue / 305

12.2. General Overview / 306

12.3. Assembly Principles / 307

12.3.1. Analysis of Building Units / 307

12.3.2. Different Types of Nanoproperties / 313

12.3.3. Assemblies to Obtain Nanoproperties / 316

12.3.4. Individual Types of Nanoproperties / 318

12.3.5. Collective Types of Nanoproperties / 321

12.3.6. Cooperative Types of Nanoproperties / 324

12.3.7. General Trends / 327

12.4. Collection of Nanoproperties and Their Applications / 328

12.5. Summary / 329

References / 331

13 Nanofabricated Systems: Combined to Function 333

13.1. Nanoissue / 333

13.2. General Overview / 334

13.3. Fabrication Principles / 335

13.3.1. Analysis of Building Units / 336

13.3.2. Nanofabrication / 340

13.3.3. Bottom-Up Approach / 342

13.3.4. Top-Down Approach / 345

13.3.5. Bottom-Up/Top-Down Hybrid Approach / 347

13.3.6. General Trends / 350

13.4. Collection of Top-Down Techniques / 352

13.5. Collection of Top-Down Bulk Materials and Functionalizing Agents / 352

13.6. Collection of Nanofabricated Systems and Their Applications / 353

13.7. Summary / 353

References / 356

14 Nanomechanical Movements: Combined to Operate 359

14.1. Nanoissue / 359

14.2. General Overview / 360

14.3. Fabrication Principles / 361

14.3.1. Element Motions / 361

14.3.2. Working Mechanisms / 362

14.3.3. Analysis of Building Units / 364

14.3.4. Periodic Push Motions / 372

14.3.5. Periodic Pull Motions / 374

14.3.6. Push–Pull Motion Cycles / 375

14.3.7. Periodic Push Motions under Guide Motion / 378

14.3.8. Periodic Pull Motions under Guide Motion / 380

14.3.9. Push–Pull Motion Cycles under Guide Motion / 383

14.3.10. General Trends / 385

14.4. Collection of Nanomechanical Movements / 386

14.5. Summary / 390

References / 390

PART IV CHARACTERIZATION 393

15 Assembly Forces and Measurements 395

15.1. Intermolecular and Colloidal Forces / 395

15.2. Collection of Intermolecular and Colloidal Forces / 396

15.3. Measurements of Intermolecular and Colloidal Forces / 396

15.3.1. Atomic Force Microscopy / 396

15.3.2. Surface Forces Apparatus / 398

15.4. Collection of Measurement Techniques / 399

15.5. Implications of Building Unit Structures for Characterization / 399

References / 402

16 Assembly Processes and Critical Behaviors 405

16.1. Critical Behaviors as the Characterization Guide of Assembly Processes / 405

16.2. Characterization Principles / 407

16.2.1. Self-Assembly Capability / 407

16.2.1.1. Molecular Systems / 407

16.2.1.2. Colloidal Systems / 409

16.2.2. Multi-Step Self-Assemblies / 410

16.2.2.1. Molecular Systems / 410

16.2.2.2. Colloidal Systems / 412

16.3. Collection of Physical Properties to Measure / 413

16.4. Collection of Critical Assembly Parameters / 414

References / 414

17 Assembled Systems and Structural Properties 417

17.1. Structural Properties for the Characterization of Assembled Systems / 417

17.2. Characterization Principles / 419

17.2.1. Structures of Primary Assembled Systems / 419

17.2.1.1. Molecular Systems / 419

17.2.1.2. Colloidal Systems / 421

17.2.2. Structures of Higher-Order Assembled Systems / 422

17.2.3. Hierarchy and Chirality / 422

17.2.4. Effect of External Forces / 425

17.2.5. Functional Assembled Systems / 426

17.3. Collection of Structural Properties to Measure / 427

References / 427

18 Modeling and Simulations 429

18.1. Assembly Systems Are Big and Multi-Scaled / 429

18.2. Classic Models / 430

18.2.1. Thermodynamic Models / 430

18.2.2. Colloidal Model / 430

18.2.3. Geometrical Model / 431

18.2.4. Elastic Model / 431

18.2.5. Isotherms / 431

18.3. Simulations / 431

18.3.1. Electronic Simulations / 432

18.3.1.1. Density Functional Theory / 432

18.3.1.2. Mean-Field Theory / 433

18.3.2. Atomistic Simulations / 433

18.3.2.1. Molecular Dynamics and Monte Carlo Methods / 433

18.3.3. Coarse-Grained Simulations / 433

18.3.3.1. Dissipative Particle Dynamics / 434

18.3.3.2. Patchy Particle Model / 434

18.3.3.3. Brownian Dynamics / 435

18.3.3.4. BRAHMS / 435

18.3.3.5. MARTINI / 436

18.3.4. Continuum Simulations / 436

18.3.5. Multi-Scale Simulations / 436

18.4. Concluding Remarks / 437

References / 437

EPILOGUE

Informatics for Self-Assembly and Nanotechnology Systems 441

E.1. Background / 441

E.2. Definition and Principle / 443

E.3. Structure / 444

E.4. Development and Benefits / 445

E.5. Challenges / 446

References / 446

INDEX 449