Scada: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition Book

Preface to the Fourth Edition ix

Unit 1 Introduction and Overview 3

1-1 Text Coverage 3

1-2 Purpose 3

1-3 Audience and Prerequisites 3

1-4 Study Materials 4

1-5 Organization and Sequence 4

1-6 Course Objectives 6

1-7 Course Length 6

Unit 2 SCADA - Purpose, Elements, and Layout 9

2-1 Purpose of a SCADA System 10

2-2 Applicable Processes 10

2-3 Elements of a SCADA System 12

2-4 SCADA Layout 16

2-5 A Limited Two-Way System 17

Unit 2 Exercises 17

Unit 3 Historical Development-Analog and Digital 21

3-1 Analog Signals, Measurement, and Control 21

3-2 Discrete Signals, Measurement, and Control 22

3-3 Development from Telemetry 24

3-4 Dependence on Communication and Computers 25

Unit 3 Exercises 29

Unit 4 Real-Time Systems 33

4-1 Is SCADA Real-Time? 34

4-2 Continuous Process Control 36

4-3 Communications Access and "Master-Slave" 39

4-4 Determining Scan Interval 40

4-5 Where to Compute? 43

Unit 4 Exercises 47

Unit 5 Control System Elements: Sensors, Actuators, and Algorithms 51

5-1 A Forgotten Cost 52

5-2 Special Considerations 58

5-3 Standardization 60

5-4 Maintenance 61

5-5 Local Controllers 62

5-6 Controllers in RTUs 65

Unit 5 Exercises 67

Unit 6 Field/RTU Communications 71

6-1 Three Rules of Communication 71

6-2 Analog Pneumatic and Hydraulic Signals 73

6-3 Analog Electronic Controllers 74

6-4 Digital Electrical Communication 77

6-5 How Digital Works-Analog to Binary to Digital 78

6-6 Parallel or Serial? 84

6-7 Communication Topology 85

6-8 Fieldbus and Similar Standards 86

Unit 6 Exercises 87

Unit 7 Remote Terminal Units-RTUs 91

7-1 What Does an RTU Do? 91

7-2 Communications Interface92

7-3 Protocol Detailed 93

7-4 Discrete Control 97

7-5 Analog Control 98

7-6 Pulse Control 100

7-7 Serial Control 101

7-8 Monitor Discrete Signals 101

7-9 Monitor Pulse Count Signals 102

7-10 Monitor Serial Signals 104

7-11 Non-RTU Functions 105

7-12 RTU Hardware Choices 105

Unit 7 Exercises 105

Unit 8 RTU/MTU Communication 109

8-1 Communications System Components 109

8-2 Protocol 110

8-3 Modems 113

8-4 Synchronous or Asynchronous? 119

8-5 Telephone Cable or Radio? 119

8-6 Simplex or Duplex? 121

8-7 Turn-On Time 123

8-8 Frequencies: Are They Available? 127

8-9 Path Studies and Seasonal Variations 129

8-10 Solar Variations 130

8-11 Reliability and Maintenance 130

8-12 Satellite Communications 131

8-13 Cell Phones 132

8-14 Internet SCADA 132

Unit 8 Exercises 133

Unit 9 Master Terminal Units-MTUs 137

9-1 Communication Interface 137

9-2 Configuring a Picture of the Process 138

9-3 Some Simple Applications 144

9-4 Data Storage 147

Unit 9 Exercises 148

Unit 10 Operator Interface 153

10-1 Operator Interface on Very Small Systems 154

10-2 Operator Interface on Mid-sized Systems 154

10-3 Operator Interface on Large Systems 156

10-4 Local Security Considerations 156

10-5 Monitor Status Points 156

10-6 Monitoring Alarms 157

10-7 Totalized Values and Trending 161

10-8 Control Interfacing 162

10-9 Reports 163

10-10 Parallel Operator Interface 164

Unit 10 Exercises 164

Unit 11 Remote Control-What Not to SCADA 167

11-1 Murphy's Law and Remote Control 167

11-2 Safety Instrumented Systems 168

11-3 Regulatory Requirements 172

Unit 11 Exercises 175

Unit 12 Security 179

12-1 What Is the Risk? 179

12-2 Risk Evaluation Procedures 181

12-3 Risk Mitigation 182

12-4 Document and Follow-Up 185

Unit 12 Exercises 185

Unit 13 Applications 189

13-1 Real Time Revisited 189

13-2 Accounting and Quality of Data 192

13-3 Scanning and Communications 196

13-4 Automatic or Remote Control 199

13-5 Advisory Applications 200

Unit 13 Exercises 201

Unit 14 What's Next? 205

14-1 Communications Technology-Field Data 205

14-2 Communications Technology-RTU/MTU 207

14-3 Reductions in SCADA/Enterprise Communications 207

14-4 More Fully Automatic Applications 208

Unit 14 Exercises 208

Unit 15 SCADA Economics 213

15-1 Costs versus Benefits 213

15-2 The Time Value of Money 214

15-3 Capital Costs 216

15-4 Training and Maintenance Costs 218

15-5 SCADA Operating Costs 219

15-6 Benefits: Reduced Capital Costs 219

15-7 Benefits: Reduced Operating Costs 220

15-8 Benefits: Improved Facility Effectiveness 221

15-9 Tax Implications 221

Unit 15 Exercises 222

Appendix A Suggested Readings and Study Materials 225

Appendix B Glossary of SCADA Terminology 229

Appendix C Solutions to All Unit Exercises 237

Index 255