Rockefeller and the Internationalization of Mathematics Between the Two World Wars: Documents and Studies for the Social History of Mathematics in the 20th Century Book

I	Introduction: The "Internationalization" of Mathematics and the Interests Therein of Scientists and Philanthropists	1
1	The Notion of Internationalization as Used in this Book and the Unity of the International and National Dimensions of Science and Mathematics	2
2	The Political and Ideological Dimension of "Internationalization" and Tentative Remarks About the More General Notion of "Modernization"	7
3	"Patriotic Political Posturing" of German Scientists After World War I and the Exemplary Degree of Internationalization of German Science: An Example for Possible Conflicts Between Scientific and Political Interests	13
4	American Philanthropic Foundations and Their Interest in International Science and Mathematics Between the Two World Wars	16
5	The Intersection Between the Interests of Mathematicians and of the Foundations, and the Main Goals of this Book	20
II	The Political and Economic Conditions for International Scientific Collaboration After World War I and the Situation in Mathematics	27
1	Wickliffe Rose, the Beginnings of the International Education Board and the Central Role of the Fellowship Program	27
2	Rose's Trip to Europe (1923/24) and the Political and Economic Conditions for International Scientific Collaboration (Especially "Migrations") After World War I	30
3	Rose's Trip to Europe, the Place of Physics and Mathematics in His Plan and the Peculiar Situation of German Mathematics	35
4	Emergency Help Following Rose's Trip to Europe: Support for Mathematical Publications and the Exceptional Founding of a New Journal: The Journal of the London Mathematical Society	38
5	International Comparisons in Mathematics on the Eve of Birkhoff's Trip to Europe	42
6	Birkhoff as the Leading American Mathematician, His Trip to Europe in 1926, and His Conclusions on the Problem of Mathematical Communication	46
7	Changed Assessments Following Birkhoff's Trip to Europe of the Relative Standing of International Mathematical Centres	50
III	General Ideological and Political Positions Underlying the IEB's Activities	57
1	Augustus Trowbridge's Appointment as Head of the IEB Office in Paris (1925)	57
2	The Relation Between "Saving" and "Developing" Scientific Cultures, and Between "Advanced" and "Backward" Countries	61
3	Anti-Semitism as an Example for Political Resentments	63
4	The "Excellence" and "Best Science" Policy of the IEB and Its Inherent Conflict With Support for "Backward Countries". First Examples from the IEB Fellowship Program for Mathematicians	65
5	Limits for the Transfer to Europe of the American (Sociological) Ideal of Cooperative Work in the Sciences	70
6	Further American Ideals and Requirements of Communication (Decentralization, Oral Communication, Matching Funds, Large-Scale Grants)	71
IV	The Practice of the Fellowship Programs of IEB (1923-1928) and RF (After 1928), and the Particular Situation of Mathematics	77
1	Criteria for the Selection of Fellows, Problems of Meeting the Criteria, and Exceptions Made	79
2	Details and Examples	81
3	The Restricted Power of the Advisors: Counselling, Tactics, and Dependence on the Philanthropists' Values	92
4	The Fellowship List, Some Related Statistics and First Conclusions, Especially With Respect to the Rise of American Mathematics	96
5	Reflections on and Impressions of the Cognitive Dimension of the Fellowship Programs	106
6	Selected Social Problems of (Scientific) Mathematical Communication in the 1920s and 1930s. Particularly in France, as Revealed in the Sources on Fellowships	119
7	The Rise of Soviet-Russian Mathematics and Problems of Response on the Part of Rockefeller Philanthropy: Especially Besicovitch, Lusin, and Kolmogorov	125
8	The Dominance of National (American) Interests in the IEB/RF Policies	133
9	Excursus: The Guggenheim Fellowship Program Since 1926	138
V	The Institute Projects in Europe 1926-1928: Gottingen, Paris, a Project Turned Down in Djursholm, and an Excursus on the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton	143
1	The IEB Erects a New Mathematics Institute in Gottingen	144
2	The Foundation of the Institut Henri Poincare in Paris	156
3	The Mathematical Institute in Djursholm (Sweden): A Case of Rockefeller Help Refused	178
4	Excursus: The Foundation of the School of Mathematics of the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton) Around 1932 and Its Relation to the Rockefeller Projects	180
VI	The Emergency Program of the RF After 1933 and Changing Attitudes of the RF Vis-A-Vis Mathematics Before the War: Mathematics Caught Between New Scientific Orientations and Catastrophic Political Developments	187
	Introduction: The Peculiar Situation in Mathematics, Especially the Role of Warren Weaver	187
1	The Seizure of Power by the Nazis in Germany, Consequences for Mathematics, Reactions by Rockefeller Philanthropy, and the Impact on the Regular Program in Europe	190
2	The Rockefeller Emergency Programs and Mathematics	192
3	Support for Interdisciplinary Research and Bordering Subjects of Mathematics and Taking "Responsibility" for General European Values	206
VII	Epilogue	217
	Notes	221
App. 1	Proposal by the Physicists of Gottingen for Support From the IEB 1924	245
App. 2	A Memo by English Mathematician G. H. Hardy Asking for Support for a New Journal 1924	247
App. 3	Nikolaj Lusin's Application for a IEB Fellowship, March 27, 1926	250
App. 4	Paul Montel (1944) on the Origin of Plans for the Institut Henri Poincare in May 1926	251
App. 5	A Memorandum by Augustus Trowbridge (IEB) on a Meeting With Emile Borel Concerning Plans for the Foundation of an Institute for Mathematics and Mathematical Physics in Paris (May 1926)	253
App. 6	Report by A. Trowbridge on His trip to Gottingen July 2 Through July 4, 1926	256
App. 7	G. D. Birkhoff's Report to the IEB of September 1926 Concerning His Trip to Europe	265
App. 8	Richard Courant's Assessment of American Mathematics as of 1927	272
App. 9	IEB-Fellow Heinz Hopf 1928 on the Exemplary Sports Facilities at American Universities	275
App. 10	David Hilbert's Request (1933) to his Former American Doctoral Student Mason, then President of the Rockefeller Foundation, in Favour of Dismissed Richard Courant (July 1933)	276
App. 11	Richard Courant (1933) on Support by Rockefeller Philanthropy for the Erection of the Mathematical Institute in Gottingen 1926-1929	277
App. 12	Correspondence Between Birkhoff, Borel, and Weaver (1937/38) on the Future Role of the Institut Henri Poincare (Paris)	279
App. 13	Hermann Weyl (1941) of Princeton to the Rockefeller-Sponsored New School for Social Research About Chances to Save the "Bourbaki Enterprise"	284
App. 14	Richard Courant's Letter (1944) to the Office of War Information on the Rockefeller Contribution to Science and Mathematics	286
App. 15	List of IEB/RF Fellows in Mathematics Until 1945	288
App. 16	Guggenheim Fellows in Mathematics: Chronological List Until 1945 (Possibly Incomplete)	302
App. 17	Dismissed Mathematicians From Europe Who Were Supported by the RF Emergency Fund	304
	Literature and Archival Sources	307
	Name Index	319
	Subject Index	328