Reflection Coefficients and Azimuthal Avo Analysis in Anisotropic Media Book

	Preface	vi
	Acknowledgments	viii
	Dedication	ix
	Symbols and notation	x
1	Introduction	1
2	Reflectivity in isotropic media	7
2.1	Waves in isotropic media	7
2.2	Exact scattering formulas	12
2.3	Approximate reflection coefficients	17
3	Conventional AVO analysis	29
3.1	Motivation and risks	29
3.2	AVO versus AVA	31
3.3	Data processing considerations	33
3.4	Computation of AVO attributes	36
3.5	Crossplot analysis	36
3.6	Volume reconnaissance	38
4	Reflectivity in VTI media	39
4.1	Wave propagation and notation for VTI media	39
4.2	Exact reflection coefficients	48
4.3	Reflection at dipping interfaces	52
4.4	Approximate reflection coefficients	54
4.5	How VTI influences P-wave AVO	57
5	HTI media--the symmetry planes	63
5.1	Scattering of waves incident upon an HTI layer	65
5.2	P-wave reflections in the HTI isotropy plane	66
5.3	Limited VTI/HTI analogy	69
5.4	Anisotropy parameters for HTI media	71
5.5	P-wave reflections in the symmetry-axis plane	74
6	Azimuthal P-wave reflectivity	83
6.1	Azimuthal P-wave reflectivity variations	83
6.2	Azimuthal variation--functional type	89
6.3	Analysis of AVO gradient variations	91
6.4	AVO-gradient inversion in HTI media	96
6.5	Azimuthal variation of the higher-angle term	97
6.6	Azimuthal changes--transmission coefficient	98
7	Shear waves in HTI symmetry planes	101
7.1	Symmetry-plane S-wave surveys	102
7.2	Insight into shear-wave AVO	104
7.3	Converted-wave AVO	111
8	P-waves in orthorhombic media	113
8.1	Effective parameters for orthorhombic media	113
8.2	P-wave reflections in the symmetry planes	116
8.3	Azimuthal P-wave reflectivity variation	119
9	P-wave AVO for fractured reservoirs	121
9.1	Effective parameters of fractured solids	121
9.2	Influence of fracturing on P-wave AVO	122
9.3	Propagation in anisotropic overburden	129
9.4	Amplitude versus offset or phase angle?	130
9.5	Thickness of the target layer	134
9.6	Data acquisition and processing	136
10	Recent and ongoing research	141
10.1	Theory and generalizations	141
10.2	Accuracy issues and inversion	142
10.3	Applications to specific rock models	143
10.4	Azimuthal AVO--case studies	144
10.5	Integration of surface seismic data	147
11	Conclusions and future work	149
	Bibliography	153
	Appendices	163
A	Linearized VTI scattering coefficients	163
B	Polarization vectors in HTI media	171
C	Symmetry-plane Christoffel equations	175
D	HTI symmetry-plane reflectivity	177
E	S-waves in orthorhombic media	183
	Index	185