Redesigning Accountability Systems for Education Book

	Acknowledgments
1	Introduction	3
2	Complexity, Accountability, and School Improvement	15
3	Validity Issues for Accountability Systems	47
4	Accountability Models	73
5	Benchmarking and Alignment of State Standards and Assessments	96
6	Biting the Bullet: Including Special-Needs Students in Accountability Systems	115
7	The Effects of Testing on Instruction	141
8	The Challenge of the High Schools	167
9	Does External Accountability Affect Student Outcomes? A Cross-State Analysis	189
10	High-Stakes Testing in a Changing Environment: Disparate Impact, Opportunity to Learn, and Current Legal Protections	220
11	"Slow Down, You Move Too Fast": The Politics of Making Changes in High-Stakes Accountability Policies for Students	245
12	Conclusion: The Problem of Stakes in Performance-Based Accountability Systems	274
	About the Contributors	297
	Index	303