Programming Vertex and Pixel Shaders (Charles River Media Graphics) Book

	Acknowledgments	xvii
Part I	Introduction	1
1	Introduction	3
	What You Will Learn	3
	What You Need to Know and Equipment Requirements	3
	How This Book Is Organized	4
	Tools of the Trade	4
	Compile and Debug a Shader	9
	Other Recommended Tools	14
2	Direct3D Pipeline	17
	Direct3D Pipeline	17
	Conclusion	24
3	HLSL Shader Programming	25
	Vertex Shaders	25
	Pixel Shaders	35
	Compile Targets	41
	A Simple Example	45
	Language Basics	47
	Optimizing HLSL Shaders	68
	D3DX Effect Files Framework	73
	Shaders in Effect Files	76
	Textures in Effect Files	77
	DirectX Standard Annotation and Semantics	79
	Device States in Effect Files	82
	Preshaders	82
	The Effect File API	84
	Summary	85
Part II	Lighting Algorithms	87
4	Ambient Lighting	89
	Background	89
	Implementation	89
	Results	91
	Conclusion	92
5	Diffuse Lighting	93
	Background	93
	Implementation	94
	Results	96
	Conclusion	97
6	Specular Lighting	99
	Background of Phong Reflectance	99
	Implementation Phong	101
	Results Phong	104
	Background Blinn-Phong Specular Reflectance	104
	Implementation Blinn-Phong	106
	Results Blinn-Phong	107
	Comparison	108
	Conclusion	109
7	Bump Mapping	111
	Background	111
	Implementation	113
	Results	116
	Conclusion	116
8	Parallax Mapping with Offset Limiting	117
	Background	117
	Implementation	119
	Results	120
	Conclusion	121
9	Self-Shadowing	123
	Background	123
	Implementation	124
	Conclusion	127
10	Light Sources	129
	Point Lights	129
	Four Point Lights	133
	Spot Lights	136
	Conclusion	139
11	Hemispheric Lighting	141
	Background	141
	Implementation: N.y as the Blend Factor	142
	Implementation: N.S as the Blend Factor	144
	Implementation: Adding an Occlusion Term	144
	Conclusion	145
Part III	Advanced Reflectance Algorithms	147
12	Cook-Torrance Reflection	149
	Background	149
	Microfacet Model	150
	The Microfacet Distribution Function	150
	The Geometrical Attenuation Factor	154
	The Fresnel Term	158
	Putting It All Together: Cook-Torrance Reflection Formula	160
	Implementation	162
	Factorizing the Cook-Torrance Model	163
	Beckmann Distribution Function	163
	The Geometrical Attenuation Factor	164
	The Fresnel Term	165
	One Texture for Everything	166
	Results	168
	Conclusion	170
13	Oren-Nayar Reflection	171
	Background	171
	Spherical Coordinates	172
	Microfacet Model	174
	The Microfacet Distribution Function/Geometric Attenuation Factor	174
	Implementation	175
	Results	177
	Screenshots	177
	Roughness Map	178
	Conclusion	179
14	Ward Reflection Model	181
	Background	181
	Implementation	183
	Results	187
	Conclusion	189
15	Ashikhmin-Shirley Reflection Model	191
	Background	191
	Implementation	192
	Results	198
	Conclusion	200
Part IV	Environment Cube Mapping	201
16	Generate and Access Cube Maps	203
	Constructing Cube Environment Maps	203
	Constructing a Cube Normalization Map	204
	Accessing Cube Maps	207
	Conclusion	209
17	Cube Environment Mapping	211
	Static Refractive and Reflective Environment Mapping	213
	Chromatic Dispersion	217
	Dynamic Reflective and Refractive Environment Mapping	218
	Accurate Cube Environment Mapped Reflection and Refraction by Adjusting for Object Distance	221
	Conclusion	224
18	High Dynamic Range Cube Maps	225
	fp16 Format	225
	RGBE8 Format	226
	RGB16 Format	231
	Filtering of High Dynamic Range Cube Maps	231
	Conclusion	239
Part V	High Dynamic Range Lighting	241
19	Simple Exposure	243
	Implementation	244
	Results and Conclusion	245
20	Faked High Dynamic Range Lighting	247
	Background	247
	Implementation	250
	Result	253
	Conclusion	256
21	High Dynamic Range Lighting	257
	Background	257
	Implementation	260
	Results and Conclusion	262
22	Advanced Tone Mapping	265
	Background	265
	Implementation	268
	Results	271
	Conclusion	272
Part VI	Projective Texture Mapping	275
23	Arbitrary Projection of Two-Dimensional Images onto Geometry	277
	Background	277
	Implementation	278
	Results/Notable Issues	280
	Conclusion	283
Part VII	Shadows	285
24	Shadow Mapping	287
	Background	287
	Implementation	288
	Results/Issues	291
	Accompanying Examples	300
	Conclusion	301
25	Shadow Volumes	303
	Background	303
	Implementation	307
	Results	311
	Conclusion	312
Part VIII	Vertex Texturing	315
26	Displacement Mapping	317
	Background	317
	Implementation	319
	Results and Conclusion	319
27	First Steps to Geometry Images	321
	Background	322
	Implementation	322
	Results	323
	Conclusion	324
Part IX	Shaders as Part of a Graphics Engine	325
28	Shaders as Part of a Game Engine	327
	Target Group	327
	Requirements of a Shader Subsystem	329
	A Simple Data-Driven Level-of-Shading System	335
	Results	336
	Summary	338
	Afterword	339
Appendix A	vs_3_0/ps_3_0 Assembly	341
	Assembly Vertex Shader Programming Fundamentals	342
	Vertex Shader Data Format	343
	Input Registers	344
	Temporary Registers	347
	Indexing Registers	347
	Sampler Register	348
	Predicate Register	349
	Output Registers	350
	Source Register Swizzling	351
	Write Masking	352
	Other Register Modifiers	353
	Vertex Shader Instructions	353
	Static and Dynamic Branching	369
	Static and Dynamic Looping	369
	Static and Dynamic Subroutine Calls	370
	Nesting	370
	Maximum Number of Instructions	370
	Guidelines for Writing Vertex Shaders	370
	Assembly Pixel Shader Programming Fundamentals	371
	Input Registers	371
	Temporary Registers	373
	Indexing Register	373
	Sampler Registers	374
	Predicate Register	375
	vFace Register	375
	vPos Register	375
	Output Registers	376
	Source Register Swizzling/Write Masking	377
	Pixel Shader Arithmetic Instructions	377
	Texture Instructions	380
	Instruction Modifiers	381
	Flow Control	382
	Maximum Number of Instructions	383
	Guidelines for Writing Pixel Shaders	383
	Optimizing Assembly Shaders	383
	Fewer Instructions Are Better	384
	ATI RADEON 9500+	386
	NVIDIA GeForce FX	387
	NVIDIA GeForce 6800 (NV4X)	389
	Example Programs	389
	Conclusion	389
Appendix B	About the CD-ROM	391
	System Requirements	391
	Updates	392
	Visual C++.NET Settings	392
	Comments/Suggestions	392
	Bibliography	393
	Glossary	399
	Index	407