Practical C Programming, Third Edition Book

Preface

How This Book is Organized

Chapter by Chapter

Notes on the Third Edition

Font Conventions

Obtaining Source Code

Comments and Questions

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments to the Third Edition

I. Basics

1. What Is C?
How Programming Works
Brief History of C
How C Works
How to Learn C
2. Basics of Program Writing
Programs from Conception to Execution
Creating a Real Program
Creating a Program Using a Command-Line Compiler
Creating a Program Using an Integrated Development Environment
Getting Help on UNIX
Getting Help in an Integrated Development Environment
IDE Cookbooks
Programming Exercises
3. Style
Common Coding Practices
Coding Religion
Indentation and Code Format
Clarity
Simplicity
Summary
4. Basic Declarations and Expressions
Elements of a Program
Basic Program Structure
Simple Expressions
Variables and Storage
Variable Declarations
Integers
Assignment Statements
printf Function
Floating Point
Floating Point Versus Integer Divide
Characters
Answers
Programming Exercises
5. Arrays, Qualifiers, and Reading Numbers
Arrays
Strings
Reading Strings
Multidimensional Arrays
Reading Numbers
Initializing Variables
Types of Integers
Types of Floats
Constant Declarations
Hexadecimal and Octal Constants
Operators for Performing Shortcuts
Side Effects
++x or x++
More Side-Effect Problems
Answers
Programming Exercises
6. Decision and Control Statements
if Statement
else Statement
How Not to Use strcmp
Looping Statements
while Statement
break Statement
continue Statement
Assignment Anywhere Side Effect
Answer
Programming Exercises
7. Programming Process
Setting Up
Specification
Code Design
Prototype
Makefile
Testing
Debugging
Maintenance
Revisions
Electronic Archaeology
Marking Up the Program
Using the Debugger
Text Editor as a Browser
Add Comments
Programming Exercises

II. Simple Programming

8. More Control Statements
for Statement
switch Statement
switch, break, and continue
Answers
Programming Exercises
9. Variable Scope and Functions
Scope and Class
Functions
Functions with No Parameters
Structured Programming
Recursion
Answers
Programming Exercises
10. C Preprocessor
#define Statement
Conditional Compilation
include Files
Parameterized Macros
Advanced Features
Summary
Answers
Programming Exercises
11. Bit Operations
Bit Operators
The and Operator (&)
Bitwise or (|)
The Bitwise Exclusive or (^)
The Ones Complement Operator (Not) (~)
The Left- and Right-Shift Operators (<<, >>)
Setting, Clearing, and Testing Bits
Bitmapped Graphics
Answers
Programming Exercises
12. Advanced Types
Structures
Unions
typedef
enum Type
Casting
Bit Fields or Packed Structures
Arrays of Structures
Summary
Programming Exercises
13. Simple Pointers
Pointers as Function Arguments
const Pointers
Pointers and Arrays
How Not to Use Pointers
Using Pointers to Split a String
Pointers and Structures
Command-Line Arguments
Programming Exercises
Answers
14. File Input/Output
Conversion Routines
Binary and ASCII Files
The End-of-Line Puzzle
Binary I/O
Buffering Problems
Unbuffered I/O
Designing File Formats
Answers
Programming Exercises
15. Debugging and Optimization
Debugging
Interactive Debuggers
Debugging a Binary Search
Runtime Errors
The Confessional Method of Debugging
Optimization
Answers
Programming Exercises
16. Floating Point
Floating-Point Format
Floating Addition/Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Overflow and Underflow
Roundoff Error
Accuracy
Minimizing Roundoff Error
Determining Accuracy
Precision and Speed
Power Series
Programming Exercises

III. Advanced Programming Concepts

17. Advanced Pointers
Pointers and Structures
free Function
Linked List
Structure Pointer Operator
Ordered Linked Lists
Double-Linked Lists
Trees
Printing a Tree
Rest of Program
Data Structures for a Chess Program
Answers
Programming Exercises
18. Modular Programming
Modules
Public and Private
The extern Modifier
Headers
The Body of the Module
A Program to Use Infinite Arrays
The Makefile for Multiple Files
Using the Infinite Array
Dividing a Task into Modules
Module Division Example: Text Editor
Compiler
Spreadsheet
Module Design Guidelines
Programming Exercises
19. Ancient Compilers
K&R-Style Functions
Library Changes
Missing Features
Free/Malloc Changes
lint
Answers
20. Portability Problems
Modularity
Word Size
Byte Order Problem
Alignment Problem
NULL Pointer Problem
Filename Problems
File Types
Summary
Answers
21. C's Dustier Corners
do/while
goto
The ?: Construct
The , Operator
volatile Qualifier
Answer
22. Putting It All Together
Requirements
Specification
Code Design
Coding
Functional Description
Expandability
Testing
Revisions
A Final Warning
Program Files
Programming Exercises
23. Programming Adages
General
Design
Declarations
switch Statement
Preprocessor
Style
Compiling
Final Note
Answer

IV. Other Language Features

A. ASCII Table
B. Ranges and Parameter Passing Conversions
C. Operator Precedence Rules
D. A Program to Compute a Sine Using a Power Series

Glossary

Symbols and Numbers[ Top ]
& (address of operator), 185
& (and operator), 158, 185
& vs. &&, 159
* operator (dereference), 185
!= operator (not equal), 85
^ (exclusive or), 158, 161
, operator (comma), 85, 346
{} (curly braces), 85
" (double quote), 60
-- operator (decrement), 78
= versus ==, 10, 91
== operator (equal), 85, 105, 382
<< (left shift), 158, 162
> operator (greater than), 85
-> operator (structure pointer), 287
>= operator (greater than or equal to), 85
>> (right shift), 158, 162
++ operator (increment), 78
+= operator (increase), 79
' (single quotes), 60
~ (complement operator), 158, 161
| (or operator), 158, 160
[_IX-1_]
0 character, 64
A[ Top ]
abstract class, 356
accuracy, floating point, 269, 270
addition operator (+), 51
addition, floating point, 266
address of operator (&), 185
alignment restrictions, 339
ambiguous code, 86
and operator (&), 158
and portability, 338
argc, 201
argv, 201
array declarations, 7
arrays, 63, 181
      dimension of, 63
      elements of, 63
      index, 64
      infinite, 310, 313, 316
      initializing, 73
      multi-dimensional, 74
      and pointers, 189, 191
      of structures, 181
ASCII
      characters, 60
      files, 215-216
assembly language, 5
assignment statements, 8, 382
author, 40
auto, 130
automatic parameter changes, 194
automatic variables, 130
B[ Top ]
binary
      files, 215-216, 338
      I/O, 218
      mode for fopen (b), 216
      trees, 292
bit fields, 179, 181
bit operations, 156
bit operators, 158
bitmapped graphics, 166, 167
bits, 54, 156, 163-164
bitwise and (&), 158
bitwise complement (~), 158, 161
bitwise exclusive or (^), 158, 161
bitwise left shift (<<), 158
bitwise or (|), 158, 160
bitwise right shift (>>), 158, 162
bitwise shift left (<<), 162
blank modifier, 306
boolean algebra, 156
bottom-up programming, 136
Bourne shell, 142
branching statements, 84
break statement, 89, 118, 121
breakpoints, 253
buffered file problems, 219
bytes, 156, 338
C[ Top ]
%c conversion, 60
C language, 6
C tools, 107
C++ language, 7, 9
Calc (program), 98, 100, 120
calculation operators, 51
call graphs, 108
carriage return, 216
case labels, 119
case statement, 118-119
cb program, 108
cc command, 140, 144, 148
cd command, 97
cdb debugger, 240
cflow program, 108
char, 60
character type, 354
characters, 60
      as integers, 76
chess, data structures for, 300
classes, ii, 129
      abstract, 356
      derived, 356
      pure virtual functions, 356
      variable, 127
clearing bits, 163
close, 222
COBOL, 6
code
      coding, 355
      commenting out, 148
      design, 96, 98, 349
      format, 45, 48
      maintaining, 38
      source, 11
command-line arguments, 201
commands, 240
comments, 9, 39, 148
      author, 40
      boxes, 40, 43
      in data files, 225
      file formats, 42
      functions, 130
      heading, 40, 42, 50
      notes, 42
      procedures, 130
      program, 109
      purpose, 40
      references, 42
      restrictions, 42
      revision history, 42
      units, 44
compile command, 148
compilers, 7, 14, 324
      conditional, 146
complement (~), 158, 161
complex data types, 7
computation operators, 51
concatenating strings, 66
conditional clause, 84
conditionals, 382
const statement, 77, 145
const pointers, 189
continue statement, 90, 123
control flow, 84
control statements, 8
control variables, 116
conversion routines, 212
cpp program, 144
cprint printer, 108
CR (carriage return), 216
cross-reference programs, 107
ctype.h, 296
curly braces, 85
      and arrays, 73
D[ Top ]
%d conversion, 56
data declarations, 7, 49
data types, enumerated, 178
dbx debugger, 240
-DDEBUG, 238
debug statement, 147
debugging, 9, 38, 97, 104, 264
      binary search, 244
      breakpoints, 253
      with cdb, 240
      command-line switch, 238
      conditional compilation, 238
      with dbx, 240
      divide and conquer method, 237
      interactive, 240
      going through output, 239
      save file, 232
      with sdb, 240
decimal point, 57
decision statements, ii
declarations, 42, 49
      array, 7
      data, 7
      integer, 54
      pointer, 184
      structures, 7
      variable, 52, 53
default statement, 118, 383
#define statement, 140-141
      vs. const, 145
defining bit values, 163
dereference operator (*), 185
derived class, 356
diagnostic printf, 105
dimensions, array, 63
directories, 97
divide by 0 error, 254
divide operator (/), 51, 58
division, floating point, 268
do/while statement, 344
documents, government, 4
DOS Makefile, 316
double data type, 271, 272
double-linked list, 288, 290
double quotes, 60, 65
dynamic data structures, 279
E[ Top ]
elements, 63, 173
else statement, 85, 147
Emacs editor, 43
#endif statement, 147
English language, 4
enum (enumerated) data types, 178
EOF (end of file) character, 210
escape character, 60
Evaluation order problems, 79
EVEN macro, 160
exclusive or (^), 158, 161
executable program, 11
executable statements, 51
extern, 306, 308
F[ Top ]
%f conversion, 77
factorial (program), 137
far pointers, 184
fclose, 210
fflush, 219, 255
fgetc, 210
fgets, 211
      newline problem, 69
      standard function, 67
Fibonacci (program), 87
fields, 173
      bit, 179, 181
files, 209, 227
      ASCII, 215, 216
      binary, 215, 216, 338
      closing, 210
      FILE, 209
      formats, 42, 224, 226
      header, 308
      naming, 209, 341
      opening, 209
      source, 8, 11
      types, 342
      variables, 209
float data type, 272
float.h include file, 272
floating point, 77, 265
      accuracy, 269, 270
      addition, 266
      declaration, 58
      division, 58, 268
floating point (continued)
      exception, 254
      float.h, 272
      guard digit, 266
      multiplication, 267
      numbers, 57, 60
      overflow, 268
      precision, 272
      roundoff error, 269, 270
      speed, 272
      subtraction, 266
      underflow, 268, 269
fopen, 209, 210
for statement, 115, 116
FORTRAN, 6, 116
fprintf, 212
fputc, 211
fputs, 211, 212
fread, 218
free, 282
fscanf, 213
FTP, obtaining exercises via, vii
FTPMAIL, vii
FTPMAIL, obtaining exercises via, vii
functions, ii, 130
      library, 51
      standard, 8
fwrite, 218
G[ Top ]
-g (compiler option), 14
generic pointer, 281
global variables, 127
government documents, 4
graphics, bitmapped, 166
grind printer, 108
guard digit, floating point, 266
H[ Top ]
header files, 308
heading comments, 42, 50
hello (program), 39
helmet law, 4
help, 33
hexadecimal numbers, 78, 157
high-level languages, 6
histogram program, 316
I[ Top ]
if statement, 84
#ifdef statement, 147, 148
#ifndef statement, 147
include file, float.h, 272
include files, 148
#include statement, 148, 308
indentation, 45
      indent program, 108
      tools for, 107
indexes (and arrays), 64
infinite arrays, 305, 310, 313, 316
initializing
      multi-dimensional arrays, 74
      strings, 74
      structures, 175
      variables, 73, 74
instructions, 8
integer
      declarations, 54
      division, 58
      long data type, 75
      overflow, 61
      types, 75, 77
      unsigned, 75
      very short (char), 76
interactive debugging, 240
isalpha, 296
K[ Top ]
Kernigham, Brian, 6
L[ Top ]
%L conversion, 77
labels, goto, 345
languages, 4-7
law, helmet, 4
learning C++, 9
left shift (<<), 158, 162
lex utility, 325
lexical analysis, 325
LF (line feed), 216
%lf conversion, 77
libraries, 8
library functions, 51
library, standard, 11
limit error, 61
line feed, 216
linear programs, 84
lines, in coding, 51
linked lists, 283, 310
      add element, 284
      locate element, 286
linker, 11
list command (dbx), 241
local
      header files, 308
      include files, 149
      variables, 127
long data type, 75, 76
      long double integers, 77
      portability and, 338
looping statements, 8, 84, 87
M[ Top ]
machine language, 5
macros
      definitions, 152
      and parameters, 150
      replacement, 142
magic numbers, 226
main, 50
maintaining code/programs, 38, 97
make, 101, 313
      targets, 314
      with multiple files, 313
Makefile, 101, 313
      DOS, 316
malloc, 281
man pages (UNIX), 33
math operators, 51
mechanics of programming, ii
memory, 7
memset, 260, 261, 317
min macro, 346
minimizing roundoff error, 270
mistakes, 10
mkdir command, 97
modifying code, 38
modularity, 337
modules, 304-305, 322, 324
MS-DOS, 216
_ _MSDOS_ _ (pre-defined symbol), 148
multi-dimensional arrays, 70, 74
multiple files, 304, 313
multiplication, floating point, 267
multiply and shifting, 162
multiply operator (*), 51
N[ Top ]
n (newline character), 60
near pointers, 184
nested
      ifs, 47
      include files, 149
new lines, 69
newline character (n), 60
next command (dbx), 240
node, tree, 292
normal int and portability, 338
NUL character, 64
null pointers, 341
O[ Top ]
O_ flags, 221
object file, 11, 14
octal numbers, 78
ones complement (~), 161
open mode, 220, 221
operations, cost of, 262
operators, bitwise, 158
optimization, 256, 262
      integer versus floating-point, 263
      loop ordering, 257, 261
      macros, 261
      powers of 2, 258
      reduction in strength, 262
      register variables, 257
or opeator (|), 158, 160
ordered linked lists, 287
organization, program, 8
Oualline's law of documentation, 40
output redirection, 239
overflow, 61, 268
P[ Top ]
packed structures, 179, 181
pad characters, 340
parameterized macros, 150
parameters, passing, 188
parsing, 325
PASCAL, 6, 116
      case statement, 119
passing parameters, 188
permanent variables, 127, 129
pixels, 166
pointers, ii
      alignment errors, 281
      and arrays, 189, 191
      const, 189
      declaring, 184
      far, 184
      freeing, 283
      generic, 281
      near, 184
      and structures, 200, 201, 279, 282
portability, 337
      alignment restrictions, 339
      byte order and, 338
      word size and, 338
power series, 272
#pragma statement, 152
precision, floating point, 272
pre-defined symbols, 148
preliminary specification, 98
preprocessor, 140
      abuse, 142
      #define, 141
      #else, 147
      #endif, 147
      hash mark and, 141
      hidden errors, 143
      #ifdef, 147
      #ifndef, 147
      #include, 148
      running, 144
      #undef, 147
print command (dbx), 240
print_file (program), 202
printers, pretty, 108
printf, 51, 56, 57, 212
      floating points and, 61
      string variables and, 66
printing a tree, 296
private modules, 305
programming
      mechanics of, ii
      styles of, ii, 136
programs, 8, 11
      basic structure, 50, 51
      life cycle of, 95
      organization, 8
      porting, 337
      revising, 97
      specification, 95, 98
      testing, 358
pseudocode, 98
public modules, 305
pure virtual functions, 356
R[ Top ]
read function, 222
reading strings, 67
real division, 58
real numbers, 57
recursion, 136, 294
redirection, output, 239
references, 42
register variables, 257
relational operators, 85
requirements, 348
reserved words, 52
return code, main, 50
revisions, history, 42
revisions, program, 97, 107
right shift (>>), 158, 162
Ritchie, Dennis, 6
root, tree, 292
roundoff error, floating point, 269-270
run command (dbx), 240
runtime errors, 254
      divide by 0 error, 254
      floating-point exception, 254
      Segmentation Violation, 254
      stack overflow, 254
S[ Top ]
%s format (printf), 66
save files, 232
scanf, 71, 213
scope, variable, 127
sdb debugger, 240
search, tree, 293
Segmentation Violation, 254
setting bits, 163
shampoo, 4
shift left (<<), 158, 162
shift right (>>), 158, 162
shifting and multipling, 162
short data type, 76
      portability and, 338
shorthand operators, 79
side effects, 79
sine, computing, 273
single quotes, 60
sizeof, 212
source code, 11
source file, 8, 11
special characters, 60
specification, 348
      program, 95, 98
speed, floating point, 272
splitting a string, 197
spotting mistakes, 10
spreadsheets, 325
sprintf, 212
sscanf, 71, 213
stack overflow error, 129, 254
standard
      files, 210, 221
      functions, 8
      include files, 148
      library, 11
statements
      assignment, 8
      control, 8
      decisions, ii
      for, 116
      grouping, 85
      looping, 8
      while, 116
static modifier, 129, 306
status variable, 210
stderr, 210
stdin, 210
stdio.h, 148, 209
stdout, 210
step command (dbx), 240
stop command (dbx), 240
_ _STDC _ (pre-defined symbol), 148
strcat, 66
strcmp, 66, 86
strcpy, 65, 66
strings, 64
      concatenating, 66
      functions, 66
      initializing, 74
      newline problem, 69
      reading, 67
      splitting, 197
      variable length, 65
strlen, 66, 68
Stroustrup, Bjarne, 7
struct, 173
structured programming, 135
structures, ii, 173, 181
      declarations, 7
      initializing, 175
      initializing an array of, 181
      packed, 179, 181
      pointer operator (->), 287
      and pointers, 200, 201
      unpacked, 178
style, programming, ii
subtraction operator (-), 51
subtraction, floating point, 266
sun, temperature, 274
Sun-3/50, 272
switch statement, 118, 124
symbol tables, 292
T[ Top ]
Teletype Model 33, 216
tempeture, sun, 274
temporary variables, 127, 129
testing
      bits, 163
      programs, 97, 358
text editor, 11
tokens, 351
top-down programming, 136
translation, assembly language, 5
trees, 292
      printing, 296
truncation, 58
_ _TURBOC _ (pre-defined symbol), 148
typedef statement, 177, 178
U[ Top ]
unbuffered I/O, 220
#undef statement, 147
underflow, floating point, 268
uninitialized variable, 55
unions, ii, 175
units, program, 44
unpacked structure, 178
unsigned numbers, 75, 76
upgrading, 38
V[ Top ]
variable-length strings, 65
variables, ii
      class, 127, 129
      declarations, 7
      declaring, 42, 44, 53
      global, 127
      initializing, 73, 74
      local, 127
      naming, 42, 44, 52, 383
      permanent, 127, 129
      scope, 127
      temporary, 127, 129
      type, 52
      uninitialized, 55
version numbers, 226
very short int (char), 76
vi editor, 43
void *, 281
W[ Top ]
where command (dbx), 241
while statement, 87, 116
wildcard characters, 202
word size and portability, 338
write function, 222
Y[ Top ]
yacc utility, 325
Z[ Top ]
zero-based counting, 116