Outcasts and Heretics: Profiles in Independent Thought and Courage Book

Tables     ix
Abbreviations     xi
Acknowledgements     xiii
Introduction     1
Modern Outcasts
Great Souls of the Modern Age     13
Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1942)     13
Martin Luther King (1929-1968)     18
Bantu Steven Biko (1946-1977)     23
Ayaan Hirsi Ali (1969-)     26
Twentieth Century Dissenters     31
Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945)     32
Kaj Munk (1898-1944)     34
World War II German Army Deserters     36
Edith Stein (1891-1942)     38
Aung San Suu Kyi (1945-     41
Authors and Outsiders     43
American Outsiders     49
Roger Williams (c. 1603-1683)     50
Thomas Paine (1737-1809)     53
Cochise (c.1815-1874)     61
Red Cloud (1822-1909)     63
Skeptical Scientists as Dissidents     67
What Americans Believe     67
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)     70
Natural Selection Over Time     74
Evidence About Human Origins     76
Intelligent Design     79
Witches and Other Pagans     83
Alice Kyteler, Medieval IrishWitch     86
Witches Among the Puritans     87
Mary Dyer (1611-1660)     90
Modern Wiccas     94
The Legacy of Religious Heresy and Dissent
Pre-Christian Dissenters     101
Paleolithic Beliefs     101
Greek Mystery Religions     103
Sources of the Literary Tradition     104
Anaxagoras     106
Protagoras     107
Empedocles     109
Socrates     110
Chinese Ideologies     111
Cicero (106-43 BCE): On the Nature of the Gods     113
The Religion of the Romans     115
Heretics in the First Christian Centuries     119
First Century Rome     122
Apollonius of Tyana, Contemporary of Jesus     128
Marcion, The Heretic     131
Tertullian and the Montanists     134
The Proliferation of Heresies     138
Cyprian of Carthage     142
The Age of Religious Dissension     145
Emperor Julian     148
Nestorius     153
Pelagius: Original Sin and Grace     160
Boethius     162
Heresy in Medieval Islam and Christianity     167
Islam and the Infidels     168
Islamic Dissidents     170
The Crusades     174
The Rise of the Military Orders and the Fall of the Templars     178
The Crusade Against Heretics and the Cathars     180
Peter Abelard     186
Roger Bacon, Alchemist     187
Heretics Condemned     190
Late Medieval Reformers     193
John Wycliffe     194
John Hus     200
Cecco d'Ascoli and Astrology     203
Marcilius (Marsiglio) of Padua     205
Saint Joan (1412-1431)     207
William Tyndale     212
Girolamo Savonarola     218
Renaissance Dissenters     221
Giordano Bruno     222
Thomas More: A Man for All Seasons     227
Johannes Kepler     232
Rene Descartes     233
Baruch (Benedict) Spinoza     238
Voltaire     241
Two Queens, One Princess     247
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots     248
Queen Christina of Sweden     257
Elisabeth von der Pfalz, Princess Palatine     263
Enlightenment Dissenters     269
Denis Diderot      271
Philip-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais     274
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier     278
Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet     281
Epilogue     287
Appendix A     293
Appendix B     295
Endnotes     299
Glossary     319
References     321
Index     345