Origins of National Financial Systems: Alexander Gerschenkron Reconsidered, Vol. 21 Book

	List of figures
	List of tables
	List of contributors
	Acknowledgements
	Introduction	1
1	Explaining cross-national variations in universal banking in nineteenth-century Europe, North America and Australasia	23
2	Banks and securities markets 1870-1914	43
3	Competing in tandem: securities markets and commercial banking patterns in Europe during the nineteenth century	64
4	On the development of universal banking in Germany	87
5	The early development of universal banking in Italy in an adverse institutional context, 1850-1914	105
6	The origins of universal banks in France during the nineteenth century	117
7	Banking systems as "ideal types" and as political economy: the Swedish case, 1820-1914	126
8	The development of a hybrid structure in Norway: banks and economic change in the European periphery, 1870-1913	144
9	Universal banking in Russia	162
10	Bank structures, Gerschenkron and Portugal (pre-1914)	182
	Works cited	205
	Index	230