Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Book

Series Introduction   Samuel Z. Goldhaber     iii
Preface     v
Contributors     xiii
Overview of the Obesity Epidemic and Its Relationship to Cardiovascular Disease   Shari S. Bassuk   Jo Ann E. Manson     1
Prevalence and Overall Health Impact of Overweight and Obesity     1
Methodologic Issues in Epidemiologic Studies of Obesity and Health Outcomes     5
Obesity and CVD     9
Obesity and Disorders that Are Associated with an Elevated Risk of CVD     17
Conclusion     23
References     24
Obesity and Hypertension   Nikheel S. Kolatkar   Abraham Thomas   Gordon H. Williams     33
Introduction     33
Cardiovascular Dysfunction     34
Renal Structural and Hemodynamic Changes     35
RAAS Activation     35
Natriuretic Peptide System Effects     36
Effects of Biochemical and Hormonal Mediators     36
Nervous System Changes     39
Treatment of Obesity Hypertension     40
Summary     42
References     43
Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Body Fat Distribution, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease   Greeshma K.Shetty   Christos S. Mantzoros     51
Introduction     51
Obesity/Fat Distribution/Inflammatory Markers     52
Obesity and Insulin Resistance     54
Metabolic Syndrome     57
CVD in Relation to Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Inflammatory Markers     59
CAD     59
Treatment Options for Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and CVD as Associated to Obesity and Inflammation     60
Conclusion     63
References     64
Obesity, Lipids, and Cardiovascular Disease   Asha Thomas-Geevarghese   Abraham Thomas     75
Introduction     75
Lipoproteins     76
Relationship of Dyslipidemia and Obesity     76
Insulin Resistance     79
The Lipids     80
LDL     81
HDL     82
Weight Loss and Effect on Lipids     82
Treatment     84
Conclusion     88
References     88
Vascular Dysfunction and Obesity   Kieren J. Mather   Alain D. Baron     93
Introduction: Obesity and CV Risk     93
OB/IR and Endothelial Dysfunction     95
Determinants of Vascular Function      99
Summary     106
References     107
Obesity and Inflammatory and Thrombotic Factors   Vincent Ricchiuti     121
Introduction     121
Adipokines: Inflammation and Role of White Adipose Tissue     122
Coagulation and Abnormal Fibrinolysis in Obesity     128
Conclusion     133
References     134
Obstructive Sleep Apnea   Sanjay R. Patel   Robert B. Fogel     143
Introduction     143
OSA and Obesity     148
OSA and Cardiovascular/Metabolic Dysfunction     152
OSA and Cardiovascular/Metabolic Disease     159
Summary     167
References     167
Molecular Genetics of Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases   Yvon C. Chagnon     777
Introduction     177
Lines of Evidence     178
Genetic Epidemiology of Obesity and CVD     181
Genome Scan Results for Obesity and CVD     182
Results of Association Studies for Obesity and CVD     184
KO and Tg Rodent Models     198
Shared Loci Between Obesity and CVD     199
Summary     205
References      206
Risk Assessment and Treatment Standards of Obesity and Overweight in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease   Lalita Khaodhiar   Karen C. McCowen   George L. Blackburn     225
Introduction     225
Obesity Assessment and Risk of CVD     226
Epidemiology of CVD in Obesity     232
Treatment of Obesity to Lower Cardiovascular Risk     237
Conclusion     244
References     245
The Roles of Dietary Fats in Reducing Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Individuals   Kathy McManus   Kris M. Mogensen     257
Introduction     257
Types of Dietary Fats     257
Low-Fat vs. Moderate-Fat Diets and Weight Loss     260
Cardiovascular Effects of Low-Fat and Higher-Fat Diets     262
Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diets     263
Dietary Patterns     267
Current Research     269
Conclusions     274
References     275
Dietary Intervention and Monitoring of Obese Patients with Cardiovascular Disease   Kris M. Mogensen   Barbara B. Hodges   Natalie M. Egan   Jenny Hegmann     281
Introduction     281
National Cholesterol Education Project      282
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet     284
Glycemic Index     286
Plant-Based Diets: Vegetarian and Dr. Dean Ornish     288
Post-Gastric Bypass Diet     290
Very Low-Calorie Diets     292
Conclusion     297
References     297
Lifestyle Modification in the Obese Patient with Cardiovascular Disease   Rena R. Wing   Douglas A. Raynor     301
Introduction     301
Evidence that Lifestyle Modification Can Produce Important Health Benefits     301
Evidence that Lifestyle Changes Can Produce Long-Term Maintenance of Weight Loss: The NWCR     303
Description of Behavioral Treatment Program for Obesity     305
Strategies to Help Participants Change Their Eating Behaviors     310
Strategies to Help Participants Change Their Physical Activity     313
Complicating Factors in the Treatment of Obesity in Patients with-CVD     316
Conclusions     318
References     318
Use of Antiobesity Medications in Overweight Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: Implications of Drug Selection and Patient Monitoring   Supawan Buranapin   Caroline Apovian     323
Introduction and Guidelines      323
Classifications     324
Combination Therapy with Sibutramine and Orlistat     338
A Comparison Study of Orlistat and Sibutramine     338
Comparisons Among the Three FDA-Approved Antiobesity Agents-Sibutramine, Orlistat, and Phentermine     339
Comments and Conclusions     339
References     341
Bariatric Surgery and Reduction of Cardiovascular Risk Factors   Malcolm K. Robinson   J. Efren Gonzalez   Danny O. Jacobs     347
Introduction     347
Indications for Bariatric Surgery     348
Bariatric Surgical Procedures     350
Postoperative Care and Complications     354
Outcomes and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction     357
Summary and Conclusions     360
References     361
Management of Perioperative Cardiac Risk in the Bariatric Patient   Zara Cooper   Cesar E. Escareno   David B. Lautz     365
Introduction     365
Risk Assessment     366
Preoperative Testing     368
Patients with Pre-existing Conditions     371
Anesthetic Considerations     376
Postoperative Care     377
References     377
Obesity and Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease   Tulika Jain   Jorge Plutzky   Darren K. McGuire     381
Introduction     381
Epidemiology     382
Obesity, CVD Risk Factors, and the Metabolic Syndrome     387
Body Fat Distribution     390
Biology of Obesity, Body Fat Distribution, and Atherosclerotic Disease     391
Influence of Obesity on Prognosis Among Patients with CHD     394
Effects of Weight Loss     395
Conclusions     396
References     397
Heart Failure and Obesity: The Risk of Development and the Treatment of Heart Failure in Obese Patients   Aruna D. Pradhan   Michael M. Givertz   Kenneth L. Baughman     403
Epidemiology     403
Mechanisms of Disease Development     404
Basic Mechanisms Linking Obesity and Heart Failure     408
Heart Failure in Obesity: A Difficult Diagnosis     412
Transplant Considerations     420
Summary     421
References     422
Acknowledging and Reversing the Toxic Environment   Andrew B. Geier   Kelly D. Brownell     429
Acknowledging the Toxic Environment     429
Reversing the Toxic Environment      434
Signs of Changing Times     442
Conclusion     443
References     443
Index     447