Nutrient Interactions Book

	Preface	iii
	Contributors	v
1	Energy-Nutrient Interactions	1
	Introduction	1
	Energy and Protein	2
	Energy and Vitamins	12
	Dietary Energy Density	14
	Summary	19
	References	19
2	Amino Acid Interactions: A Selective Review	27
	Introduction	27
	Features of Amino Acid Metabolism and Approaches for Study of Amino Acid Interactions	28
	Amino Acid Flux and Protein Turnover in Healthy Individuals	32
	Branched-Chain Amino Acid Interactions	36
	Sulfur Amino Acids	47
	Dispensible Amino Acids	53
	Summary and Conclusions	58
	References	61
3	Mineral Interactions in Foods	73
	Chemical Reactivity of Minerals	74
	Physicochemical Reactions as Determinants of Bioavailability in Food	76
	Potential for Reactions in Food	78
	Complex Formation and Chelation	78
	Hydrolysis	81
	Aging	82
	pH and Reduction Potential	83
	Enhancers and Inhibitors	86
	Thermodynamic Considerations	86
	Examples of Enhancers and Inhibitors in Food	91
	Conclusions	107
	References	107
4	Physiological Interactions of Minerals	115
	Introduction	115
	Levels of Mineral-Mineral Interactions	118
	Methods for Assessing Mineral-Mineral Interactions	121
	Caveats and Limitations in Assessing Mineral-Mineral Interactions	123
	Physiologically Important Mineral-Mineral Interactions in Humans	125
	Dietary Modulation of Mineral-Mineral Interaction	138
	Conclusions	140
	References	141
5	Protein-Iron Interactions: Influences on Absorption, Metabolism, and Status	149
	Noncellular Protein Inhibition of Nonheme Iron Absorption	150
	Enhancement of Nonheme Iron Absorption by Cellular Protein	152
	Heme Iron Absorption	154
	Specialized Proteins Influencing Iron Absorption	155
	Dietary Patterns: Metabolic Effects of the Quantity and Source of Dietary Protein	156
	Iron Stores: A Regulatory of Iron Absorption	157
	Conclusion	159
	References	160
6	Vitamin-Mineral Interactions	163
	Ascorbic Acid-Iron Interactions	164
	Ascorbic Acid-Copper Interactions	165
	Zinc-Vitamin E Interactions	168
	Zinc-Vitamin A Interactions	171
	Vitamin A-Iron Interactions	175
	Riboflavin-Iron Interactions	176
	Folate-Zinc Interactions	178
	Conclusion	181
	References	182
7	Lipid-Vitamin-Mineral Interactions in the Diet and in the Tissues	187
	Introduction	187
	Lipid-Vitamin-Mineral Interactions in Foods	188
	Lipid-Vitamin-Mineral Interactions in Vivo	195
	References	202
8	Effect of Variations in Dietary Protein, Phosphorus, Electrolytes, and Vitamin D on Calcium and Zinc Metabolism	205
	Effect of Isolated Protein on Calcium Metabolism	206
	Effect of Isolated Protein on Zinc Metabolism	208
	Effect of Phosphorus on Calcium Metabolism	211
	Effect of Phosphorus on Zinc Metabolism	213
	Diet Milieu	215
	Effect of Electrolytes	216
	Effect of Vitamin D	218
	Other Effects of Calcium	219
	Summary	220
	References	220
9	Interactions Between Utilizable Dietary Carbohydrates and Minerals	229
	Introduction	229
	Iron	230
	Copper	233
	Selenium	240
	Chromium	242
	Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc	244
	Conclusions	245
	References	246
10	Fiber-Mineral and Fiber-Vitamin Interactions	253
	Introduction	253
	Bioavailability of Minerals	255
	Bioavailability of Vitamins	260
	Summary	261
	References	261
11	Interacting Effects of Carbohydrate and Lipid on Metabolism	265
	Introduction	265
	Studies in Animals	268
	Appropriate Animal Models for the Human	269
	Carbohydrate-Fat Interaction Effects in Humans	270
	Carbohydrate Effects on Lipogenesis in Rats	272
	Carbohydrate-Lipid Interactions	275
	Summary	281
	References	281
12	Vitamin-Vitamin Interactions	287
	Introduction	287
	Types of Interactions	288
	Vitamin A	290
	Vitamin E	292
	Vitamin C	297
	B Vitamins	300
	Summary	306
	References	306
13	Nutrient Interactions and the Toxic Elements Aluminum, Cadmium, and Lead	313
	Introduction	313
	Aluminum	316
	Cadmium	321
	Lead	335
	General Conclusions	341
	References	341
14	Interactions of Food Additives and Nutrients	351
	Introduction	351
	Types of Food Additive-Nutrient Interactions	352
	Regulatory Concerns	359
	References	359
15	A Comparison of Drug-Nutrient and Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions	365
	Introduction	365
	Drug versus Nutrient Disposition	367
	Outcomes of Drug and Nutrient Interactions	370
	Critique of Methods of Investigating Drug and Nutrient Interactions	374
	Summary	375
	References	376
	Index	379