Nitrogen Fixation in Agriculture, Forestry, Ecology, and the Environment Book

Preface to the Series. Preface. List of Contributors.

1: Production and Biological Nitrogen Fixation of Tropical Legumes; D. Werner
1. Introduction
2. Phaseolus sp. and Vigna sp. (Beans)
3. Arachis hypogaea (Groundnut, Peanut)
4. Cicer arietinum (Chickpea)
5. Cajanus cajan (Pigeon pea)
6. Mucuna pruriens (Velvet bean) and Other Legumes Acknowledgements References

2: Nitrogen Fixation by Soybean in North America; S. G. Pueppke
1. Soybean: Pathways to North America and Establishment as a Crop
2. Soybean Production in North America
3. Major Soybean Cropping Systems
4. Biological Nitrogen Fixation by Soybean in North America
5. Perspectives Acknowledgements References

3: The Importance of Nitrogen Fixation to Soybean Cropping in South America; M. Hungria, J. C. Franchini, R. J. Campo and P. H. Graham
1. Introduction
2. Taxonomy, Origins, and Importance of Soybean
3. Biological Nitrogen Fixation
4. Economic Importance of Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in South America
5. Crop Management in South America
6. Final Considerations Acknowledgement References

4: Production, Regional Distribution of Cultivars, and Agricultural Aspects of Soybean in India; S. K. Mahna
1. Introduction and Historical Background
2. All-India Area Coverage, Productivity, and Production of Soybean between 1970- 2003
3. All-India State-wise Area Coverage, Productivity, and Production of Soybean
4. Regional Distribution of Soybean Cultivars
5. Regional Agricultural Aspects of Soybean Cultivation Acknowledgements References

5: Soybean Cultivation and BNF in China; J. E. Ruiz Sainz, J. C. Zhou, D.-N. Rodriguez-Navarro, J. M. Vinardell and J. E. Thomas-Oates
1. Summary
2. Soybean Cultivation in China: Historical Aspects and Current Situation
3. Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria that Nodulate Soybean
4. The Soybean Germplasm Collection in China
5. Soybean in Crop Rotation and in Continuous Culture
6. Conclusions Acknowledgement References

6: Soil Stress Factors Influencing Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation; M. J. Sadowsky
1. Introduction
2. Importance of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
3. Symbiotic Interaction of Legumes with Rhizobia
4. Nodulation and Nitrogen-Fixation Genetics in the Rhizobia and Bradyrhizobia
5. Rhizobia in the Soil Environment
6. Stress Factors in the Soil Environment that Influence N2 Fixation
7. Concluding Remarks References

7: Nodulated Legume Trees; J. I. Sprent
1. Introduction
2. Leguminosae
3. Rhizobia that Nodulate Legume Trees
4. Types of Nodules formed on Trees
5. Mycorrhizas and Other Nutrient-Acquisition Systems
6. Measurement of Nitrogen Fixation by Trees
7. Role of Legume Trees in Natural and Managed Systems References

8. Nitrogen Fixing Trees with Actinorhiza in Forestry and Agroforestry; R. O. Russo
1. Introduction
2. General Characteristics of the Actinorhizal Symbiosis
3. Host Botanical Families
4. Nitrogen Fixation in Actinorhizal Trees
5. Mycorrhizal Associations with Actinorhizal Trees
6. Actinorhizal Trees in Agroforestry
7. The Genus Casaurina
8. The Experience of the Central America Fuelwood Project
9. The Case of Alnus acuminata in Tropical Highlands
10. Other Uses of Actinorhizal Trees
11. Concluding Considerations References

9: Molecular Ecology of N2-fixing Microbes Associated with Gramineous Plants: Hidden Activities of Unknown Bacteria; T. Hurek and B. Reinhold-Hurek
1. Introduction
2. The Problem of Identifying Key Diazotrophic Bacteria in Gramineous Plants: The Classical Approach
3. The Significance of Diazotrophic Grass Endophytes
4. The Significance of Culture-Independent Methods
5. The Significance of nifH-Targeted Methods
6. Limitations of nifH-Targeted Methods
7. Many Diazotrophs Defy Cultivation
8. Diazotrophic Grass Endophytes as Key Organisms for BNF in Gramineous Plants
9. Summary and Outlook References

10: Interactions of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiosis in Sustainable Agriculture; J. M. Barea, D. Werner, C. Azcón-Guilar and R. Azcón
1. Introduction
2. Purpose of Review
3. Nitrogen-Fixing Symbioses
4. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza
5. Interactions between AM Fungi and Rhizobia to Improve Legume Productivity in Agriculture
6. Conclusions Acknowledgements References

11: Inoculant Preparation, Production and Application; M. Hungria, M. F. Loureiro, I. C. Mendes, R. J. Campo and P. H. Graham
1. Introduction
2. Strain Selection
3. Inoculant Production
4. Inoculant Application
5. Factors Affecting the Success of Inoculation
6. Main Conclusions Acknowledgements References

12: Nitrifying Bacteria; C. Fiencke, E. Spieck and E. Bock
1. Nitrification as Part of the Nitrogen Cycle
2. Two Physiological Groups of Bacteria Contribute to Nitrification
3. Ecology and Detection of Nitrifying Bacteria
4. Metabolism of Nitrifying Bacteria References

13: The Nitrogen Cycle: Denitrification and its Relationship to N2 Fixation; R. J. M. van Spanning, M. J. Delgado and D. J. Richardson
1. Introduction
2. The Nitrogen Cycle
3. Denitrification
4. Bacterial Respiratory Nitrate Reductases
5. Nitrite Reductases
6. Nitric Oxide Reductases
7. Nitrous Oxide Redutase
8. Linkage of the Denitrification Gene Clusters
9. Bioenergetics of Denitrification
10. Regulation of Transcription of Denitrification Genes
11. Regulation of Denitrification by Environmental Factors
12. Diversity of Denitrification
13. Yeast and Fungal Denitrification
14. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References

Subject Index