New York: The Politics of Urban Regional Development Book

	List of Tables	xi
	List of Maps	xii
	Foreword	xiii
	Acknowledgments	xxi
	Abbreviations	xxiii
	Terms of Office	xxiv
1.	Government and Urban Development	1
	Governments in the New York Region	3
	The Impact of Government on Development	8
	Government as Inconsequential: A Critique	8
	Varieties of Influence	13
	Varieties of Influence: A Further Look	16
	The Sources of Governmental Influence	23
	Areal and Functional Scope: Toward a Classification of Governments	23
	Concentration of Resources	25
	Formal independence	25
	Variety and intensity of constituency demands	26
	Control over the use of land	27
	Financial resources	28
	Political skill	29
	Control over subordinate units	30
	Planning	30
	Targets of Analysis	32
2.	Development in the New York Region	35
	Size and Complexity	35
	The Physical Setting	40
	Genesis from the Sea	41
	The Unique Central Business District	45
	External Economies and White-Collar Jobs	45
	Benefits and Costs of the Central Business District	47
	The Decline of the Older Cities	50
	The Departure of Middle-Class Whites	51
	The Growth of Black and Hispanic Ghettos	52
	The Dispersal of Blue-Collar Jobs	54
	The Burdens of the Cities	56
	The Spreading Metropolis	57
	The Impact of Transportation	58
	The Movement of Jobs and Homes	60
	The Slowing of the Region's Growth	64
3.	Maximizing Internal Benefits	67
	Suburban Capabilities	67
	The Constraint of Size	69
	Variations Among Suburbs	69
	Homogeneity and Heterogeneity	74
	The Central Fact of Autonomy	75
	The Pervasive Influence of the Property Tax	77
	The Logic of Exclusion	78
	The Westchester Approach	79
	Planning for Fewer People	81
	The Dilemma of Apartments	84
	The Right Kind of Industry	89
	The Results of the Maximizing Strategy	94
	Accelerating Spread	96
	Discouraging Innovation	98
	Excluding the Less Affluent	100
	Suburbanization Without Maximization: The Case of Staten Island	106
	Maximization and the Passage of Time	108
4.	Minimizing Outside Intervention	110
	The Dispersion of Power: New Roads in Suburbia	112
	Perspective of the Highway Agencies	113
	New Roads and County Government	114
	Highway Costs and Benefits at the Grass Roots	116
	Political Weakness of the Individual Suburb	119
	A Successful Coalition: The Fourth Jetport	123
	Defeat of the Great Swamp Proposal	123
	Opposition to Other Sites	126
	The Basis for Successful Collective Action	129
	Environmentalism and Suburban Victories	130
	The Long Island Sound Bridge and I-287	133
5.	Political Actors of Regional Scope	138
	Impediments to Regional Integration	139
	The Obstacles of Political Complexity	140
	Lack of Regional Awareness	143
	The Pervasive Fear of Regionalism	147
	The Metropolitan Regional Council	151
	Agencies of Broad Areal Scope	154
	Functional Agencies and the Advantages of a Focused Mission	154
	The Coordinating Agencies: Modest Resources and Multiple Constraints	162
6.	Concentrating Resources on Highway Development	171
	Contenders for Influence	173
	The Highway Coalition	177
	The Highway Coalition at Work	185
	Under and Over the Hudson River	186
	Bringing Manhattan Closer to the Suburbs with Buses	194
	Regional Arteries That "Fire the Mind"	200
7.	Mass Transportation and the Limited Capabilities of Government	205
	Mass Transportation and the Region's Development	206
	Obstacles to Governmental Action	210
	Responding to a Transit Crisis in New York City	214
	A Railroad Is "Practically Reborn"	215
	Toward Broader Regional Action	216
	Elements of a Solution: Realistic and Otherwise	219
	Steps Toward Stability	221
	Dramatic Changes and an Elusive Goal	226
	Creating a Regional Transit Agency	227
	Larger Resources and a "Grand Design"	233
	"Many a Slip ..."	236
	The Interweaving of Federal and Regional Action	239
	The MAT's First Decade	241
	The Port Authority in Disarray	244
	Conflict into the 1980s: The Case of Westway	250
	The Continuing Search for Solutions	255
8.	Concentrating Resources in the Older Cities	256
	Goals and Resources in the Older Cities	257
	Areal and Functional Scope	262
	The Shortage of Land	264
	Conflicting Constituency Interests	271
	The Fiscal Straitjacket	278
	Dependence on State Government	283
	Lack of Executive Integration	285
9.	Urban Renewal: Political Skill and Constituency Pressures	291
	The Federal Framework	292
	Elements of Success and Failure	294
	Conflicting Pressures in Trenton	296
	Building an Autonomous Base for Renewal in Newark	297
	Neutralizing the NHA commissioners	299
	Offering minor concessions to local political leaders	300
	Denying the city planners a role	300
	Winning the support of other city agencies	300
	Muting those to be displaced	301
	The Fragile Structure of Newark's Success	302
	The Medical College	303
	The Collapse of the Urban Renewal Alliance	306
	The NHA's Urban Renewal Program in Retrospect	309
	Enlarging the Renewal Arena	311
	The Lesson of Urban Renewal	314
10.	Patterns of Government Action	316
	The Complex Role of Government	322
	Another View: Government Officials as All-Powerful	326
	Sources of Influence	327
	Contrasts in Influence: The Case of Marine Terminals	328
	Constituencies, Insulation, and Leadership	333
	Broader Values and the Shackling of Government	338
	The End of Growth and the Role of Government	341
	Index	349