Negotiating Political Conflicts Book

List of Figures     x
List of Tables     xi
Introduction     xii
Negotiations and the Theory of Negotiation     1
What is negotiation?     4
What characterizes negotiations?     5
The specific characteristics of international negotiations     8
The three phases of the negotiation process     10
Conflict as the Subject of Negotiations     16
Conflict and negotiation     16
What is a political conflict?     16
The dynamics of conflict evolution: A dynamic model of conflict     17
Negotiations in situations of crisis and war     19
The most intensive form of conflict: War     20
What kind of negotiable or non-negotiable conflicts do we face today in international politics?     21
Looking back: Changes in conflict behaviour     21
Looking ahead: Hypotheses about future conflict behaviour     26
Bringing negotiations and conflicts together     30
The KOSIMO Project     31
Conflict and conflict management: The life cycle of symmetry between means and ends     32
Who Negotiates with What Means?     35
The negotiator     35
Confrontational versus integrative negotiation     36
The negotiation dilemma     37
Advice to practitioners     39
Culture and Multilateral Negotiation     42
Negotiation style and negotiation culture     42
Examples taken from cases demonstrating Japanese and German negotiating styles     50
Different national cultures and styles     57
Three discourses on nation-building     57
Language groups and intellectual style     59
Political mobilization and protest     59
The democratic deficit within the EU, as perceived by the United Kingdom, Germany and France     60
The case of the nomination of the President of the European Central Bank     62
Core terms in the European discourse     63
The Instruments of Negotiation     67
Typologies of negotiation techniques and resources     68
Actor-related resources     69
Principled negotiation (Harvard Negotiation Project)     70
Shuttle diplomacy     71
Brainstorming     72
Issue-related resources     72
Extension or differentiation of the issues     72
Reconciliation of interests     73
Setting quotas and proportions     76
Exchange or package deals     77
The allocation of emission quotas     77
Process-related resources: strategies, tactics     77
Delay     77
Escape into generalization and ideology     78
Two-track setting     78
Reframing     79
Changes in perspective     79
The negotiation formula     81
The one- or two-text procedure     82
The shadow of the future     83
External conditions     83
Rules of decision-making     83
Binding and non-binding agreements     85
Linking instruments to power resources     86
The Role of Power in Negotiations     89
The three dimensions of power     91
Symmetry and asymmetry     94
The five manifestations of symmetry and asymmetry     97
The first manifestation: symmetry/asymmetry as power of possession     100
The second manifestations of symmetry/asymmetry as a process variable in the pursuit of equality     101
The third manifestation: Relations between ends and means     106
The fourth manifestation: Symmetry/asymmetry of mediation equidistance     109
The fifth manifestation of symmetry: Outcomes as a fair share     111
The Power of Powerlessness, or How Weakness Can be Transformed into Strength     115
Resources of the weaker party     115
Increasing resources through amalgamation: Coalition-building     117
The limits to negotiations     119
Principled negotiation: The Harvard Project approach     120
The discourse model     121
Rational choice     121
Inadequate means: Means and ends relationship     123
The Power of Institutions: Collective Negotiating in Groups     125
Effectiveness     128
Representativeness     132
Negotiating in regionally integrated institutions such as the European Union     134
The Power of Law: Negotiating Within the Framework of International Norms and Principles     136
The Petersberg (Germany) conference on Afghanistan     137
The US-EU trade dispute     138
The Mediator, the Faciliator     141
Mediation strategies     142
Who mediates?     145
Third party instruments     150
The mediators, the conciliators     153
Mediation in civic affairs     156
Modalities of Conflict Termination     159
Typology of conflict termination and the role of negotiation     159
Some historic examples      159
The quality of negotiated agreements     162
Non-decisions     162
Partial decisions     163
Radical resolutions     163
Ambiguous decisions     163
Majority decisions and compromise     164
Stable and unstable decisions     164
Conservative or progressive decisions     164
Future-oriented agreements     165
Military, territorial and political results     165
Territorial results     166
Political results     167
Formal versus informal termination     168
Conflicts in the UN Security Council     169
Historical cases     169
Unfinished wars: Short-lived results     171
Resolution Through Negotiation     173
The theory of 'unfinished' peace agreements     175
Kantian peace in the Western world     177
The six components of a durable solution     178
Justice and fairness in negotiations     184
Peace agreements forced upon the parties risk new wars; peace agreements deriving of their name bring about peace     187
Hypotheses About the Nature, Environment, Rules of Conflict, Third Parties, and Outcomes/Solutions     189
Hypotheses concerning the nature of conflicts     189
Hypotheses concerning the environment     190
Hypotheses concerning the issues in conflict     190
Theses on conflict management     191
The role of third parties, the mediators     191
Hypotheses concerning the resolution of conflicts     193
Hypotheses concerning outcomes     194
Conclusions     196
Notes     200
Bibliography     204
Index     212