Modern Protective Structures Book

Introduction     1
General Background     1
Protective Planning and Design Philosophy     5
Protection Methodology, Threat, and Risk Assessment     8
Threat, Hazard, and Vulnerability Assessments     10
Risk Assessment     11
From Threat and Hazard Environment to Load Definition     16
Military Threat Assessment     19
Tactics and Strategy     19
Weapons Systems     21
Summary     24
Terrorism and Insurgency Threat Assessment     24
Technical Resources and Blast Mitigation Capabilities     24
Design Manuals     26
Design and Construction Considerations     28
Analysis Requirements and Capabilities     30
Computational Analysis     30
Experimental Analysis     30
Protective Technology: Current State and Future Needs     31
Relationships to R&D     33
Policy and Technology Needs     35
Development and Implementation of Protective Design Methodology     37
Basic and Preliminary Applied Research     38
Applied Research, Advanced Technology Development, and Demonstration and Validation Tests     38
Demonstration, Validation, andImplementation     38
Summary     39
Explosive Devices and Explosions     41
Introduction     41
Characteristics of Explosive Processes, Devices, and Environments     41
Nuclear Weapons     41
Conventional Weapons     41
Small Arms and Aircraft Cannon Projectiles     42
Direct and Indirect Fire Weapon Projectiles     42
Grenades     44
Bombs     46
Rockets and Missiles     47
Special-Purpose Weapons     48
Conventional Weapons Summary     49
Explosives, Explosions, Effects and Their Mitigation     50
Blast Effects and Mitigation     50
Explosives and Explosions     53
Explosive Types and Properties     58
Combustion Phenomena and Processes     59
Detonation Process and Shock Waves     60
Conventional and Nuclear Environments     65
Introduction     65
Airblast     68
HE Devices and Conventional Weapons     68
External Explosions     68
Internal Explosions     75
Leakage Blast Pressure     77
Nuclear Devices      79
Penetration     83
Concrete Penetration     87
Rock Penetration     92
Soil and Other Granular Material Penetration     96
Armor Penetration     98
Penetration of Other Materials     101
Shaped Charges     103
HE-Induced Ground Shock, Cratering, and Ejecta     106
HE Charges and Conventional Weapons     106
Three-Dimensional Stress Wave Propagation     106
One-Dimensional Elastic Wave Propagation     110
Reflection and Transmission of One-Dimensional D-Waves between Two Media     114
Computational Aspects     116
Shock Waves in One-Dimensional Solids     117
Stress Wave Propagation in Soils     119
Numerical Evaluation     125
Application to Protective Design     129
Cratering     135
Ejecta     137
Cratering, Ejecta, and Ground Shock from Nuclear Devices     141
Cratering     141
Ejecta     145
Ground Shock     147
Fragmentation     153
Fragment Penetration     158
Fire, Chemical, Bacteriological, and Radiological Environments     167
Conventional and Nuclear Loads on Structures     169
Conventional Loads on Structures     169
Buried Structures     169
Above-Ground Structures     170
Mounded Structures     175
Surface-Flush Structures     175
Blast Fragment Coupling     175
Nuclear Loads on Structures     177
Above-Ground Structures     177
Buried Structures     179
Soil Arching     185
Step-by-Step Procedures for Deriving Blast Design Loads     187
Constructing Load-Time History on Buried Wall or Roof     187
Computing Pressure-Time Curve on Front Wall from External Explosion (Surface Burst)     187
Computing Pressure-Time Curve on Roof or Sidewall (Span Perpendicular to Shock Front)     190
Computing Pressure-Time Curve on Roof or Sidewall (Span Parallel to Shock Front)     190
Blast Load on Rear Wall     191
Behaviors of Structural Elements     195
Introduction     195
Government and Non-Government Manuals and Criteria     196
Tri-Service Manual TM 5-1300 (Department of the Army, 1990)     196
Army Technical Manuals 5-855-1 (Department of the Army, 1986 and 1998), and UFC 3-340-01 (Department of Defense, June 2002)     197
ASCE Manual 42 (ASCE, 1985)      197
Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities (ASCE, 1997)     197
Structural Design for Physical Security (ASCE, 1999)     197
DoD and GSA Criteria     198
Distances from Explosion and Dynamic Loads     198
Material Properties of Steel and Concrete     198
Steel     198
Concrete     199
Dynamic Effects     202
Flexural Resistance     202
Shear Resistance     205
Tensile and Compressive Members     206
Principal Reinforcement     207
Cylinders, Arches, and Domes     208
Shear Walls     212
Frames     214
Natural Periods of Vibration     215
Advanced Considerations     218
Membrane Behavior     218
Membrane Application for Analysis and Design     225
Direct Shear     226
Diagonal Shear Effects     228
Size Effects and Combined Size and Rate Effects     230
Connections and Support Conditions     231
Application to Structural Design     233
Practical Damage and Response Limits     234
Dynamic Response and Analysis     237
Introduction      237
Simple Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) Analysis     240
Theoretical Solution for SDOF Systems: Duhamel's Integral     242
Graphical Presentations of Solutions for SDOF Systems     247
Numerical Solutions of SDOF Systems     247
Advanced SDOF Approaches     250
Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) Systems     251
Introduction to MDOF     251
Numerical Methods for MDOF Transient Responses Analysis     255
Continuous Systems     258
General Continuous Systems     259
Intermediate and Advanced Computational Approaches     262
Intermediate Approximate Methods     263
Advanced Approximate Computational Methods     264
Material Models     265
Validation Requirements for Computational Capabilities     267
Practical Computation Support for Protective Analysis and Design Activities     272
Equivalent SDOF System Approach     274
Applications to Support Analysis and Design     276
Approximate Procedure for Multi-Segmental Forcing Functions     281
Connections, Openings, Interfaces, and Internal Shock     291
Connections     291
Introduction     291
Background      292
Studies on Behavior of Structural Concrete Detailing     296
Studies on Behavior of Structural Steel Detailing     308
Summary     309
Openings and Interfaces     310
Entrance Tunnels     310
Blast Doors     310
Blast Valves     313
Cable and Conduit Penetrations     315
Emergency Exits     317
Internal Shock and Its Isolation     317
Internal Pressure     319
Internal Pressure Increases     319
Airblast Transmission through Tunnels and Ducts     319
Pressure-Impulse Diagrams and Their Applications     325
Introduction     325
Background     326
Characteristics of P-I Diagrams     327
Loading Regimes     328
Influence of System and Loading Parameters     330
Analytical Solutions of P-I Diagrams     331
Closed-Form Solutions     331
Response to Rectangular Load Pulse     331
Response to Triangular Load Pulse     334
Energy Balance Method     335
Approximating Dynamic Regions     336
Continuous Structural Elements     338
Numerical Approach to P-I Curves      339
P-I Curves for Multiple Failure Modes     341
Summary     341
Dynamic Analysis Approach     343
Introduction     343
Dynamic Material and Constitutive Models     343
Flexural Behavior     344
Dynamic Resistance Function     346
Direct Shear Behavior     347
Dynamic Structural Model     348
Flexural Response     349
Equation of Motion     349
Transformation Factors     350
Direct Shear Response     351
Equation of Motion     351
Shear Mass     351
Dynamic Shear Force     352
Summary     357
Application Examples for SDOF and P-I Computational Approaches     357
SDOF and P-I Computations for Reinforced Concrete Beams     357
SDOF and P-I Computations for Reinforced Concrete Slabs     363
Summary     366
Progressive Collapse     373
Introduction     373
Progressive Collapse Phenomena     373
Background     374
Abnormal Loadings     374
Observations     375
Progressive Collapses of Different Types of Structures      377
Precast Concrete Structures     378
Monolithic Concrete Structures     378
Truss Structures     379
Steel Frame Buildings     379
Department of Defense and General Services Administration Guidelines     380
Department of Defense (DoD) Guidelines     380
Design Requirements for New and Existing Construction     380
Design Approaches and Strategies     381
Damage Limits     384
Other Topics     384
GSA Guidelines     384
Potential for Progressive Collapse Assessment of Existing Facilities     385
Analysis and Design Guidelines for Mitigating Progressive Collapse in New Facilities     385
Analysis and Acceptance Criteria     387
Material Properties and Structural Modeling     389
Redesigns of Structural Elements     389
Advanced Frame Structure Analysis     390
Background     390
Semi-Rigid Connections     392
Computer Code Requirements     394
Examples of Progressive Collapse Analysis     395
Semi-Rigid Connections     395
Analyses     397
Results     400
Conclusions     400
Summary      404
A Comprehensive Protective Design Approach     405
Introduction     405
Background     405
Protection Approaches and Measures     407
Planning and Design Assumptions     410
Siting, Architectural, and Functional Considerations     411
Perimeter Line     413
Access and Approach Control     413
Building Exterior     414
Building Interior     416
Vital Nonstructural Systems     417
Post-Incident Conditions     417
Load Considerations     417
Structural Behavior and Performance     422
Structural System Behavior     424
Structural System and Component Selection     430
Multi-Hazard Protective Design     433
Other Safety Considerations     434
Development and Implementation of Effective Protective Technology     434
Recommended Actions     435
Basic and Preliminary Applied Research     435
Applied Research, Advanced Technology Development, Demonstrations, and Validation Tests     436
Demonstration, Validation, and Implementation     436
Education, Training, and Technology Transfer Needs     437
Recommended Long-Term Research and Development Activities     438
Summary     441
References     443
Index     459