Microcontroller Technology The 68Hc11 Book

Part 1	Introducing Microcontroller Technology	1
1	Microcontroller Concepts	1
1.1	What Is a Microcontroller? and What Is It Used For?	1
1.2	History	5
1.3	Top-Down View of Microcontroller Systems	8
1.4	Memory Concepts	13
1.5	Microcontroller Memory Map	16
Part 2	Software	18
2	Programming	18
2.1	Assembly and Other Programming Languages	19
2.2	Source Code, Object Code, and the Assembler	21
2.3	Using High-Level Languages	28
2.4	Fetch/Execute Operation of the Central Processing Unit (CPU)	31
2.5	The Instruction Set and Addressing Modes	36
2.6	Basic Operations	65
2.7	Microcontroller Arithmetic and the Condition Code Register	74
2.8	Program Flow Control Using Looping and Branching	90
2.9	Summary	104
	Exercises	104
3	The Stack, Subroutines, Interrupts, and Resets	112
3.1	Introducing the Stack	112
3.2	Using the Stack to Store Data	114
3.3	Using Subroutines	117
3.4	Modular Programming Using Subroutines	124
3.5	Subroutine Operation	132
3.6	Concept of Interrupts	137
3.7	Interrupt Vectors	141
3.8	Interrupt Operation	144
3.9	Hardware Interrupts and Resets	146
3.10	Software and CPU Control Interrupts	155
3.11	The Kiss of Death: Stack Overflow	156
3.12	Summary	157
	Exercises	158
4	Cross Assembly and Program Development	162
4.1	Introduction to Program Development	162
4.2	Format of the Source Code	163
4.3	Code and Data Segments	167
4.4	Pseudo-Operations	168
4.5	The Assembly Two-Pass Process	177
4.6	Assembler Options and Preprocessor Directives	180
4.7	Hex and Binary Files	185
4.8	Documentation Files	188
4.9	Simulation	191
4.10	Evaluation Boards and Emulation	191
4.11	Summary	194
	Exercises	194
Part 3	Hardware	197
5	Bus Concepts and Modes of Operation	197
5.1	Introduction	197
5.2	The Bus	198
5.3	Tristate	200
5.4	Address Decoding	203
5.5	Modes of Operation	207
5.6	Single-Chip Operating Mode	207
5.7	Expanded Multiplexed Operating Mode	208
5.8	Special Bootstrap Mode	209
5.9	Special Test Operating Mode	211
5.10	System Circuit	211
5.11	Summary	213
	Exercises	214
6	Microcontroller Hardware	216
6.1	Semiconductor Technology	216
6.2	Chip Specifications	223
6.3	Memory Technology	228
6.4	Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM)	230
6.5	Flash Memory	233
6.6	Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)	233
6.7	Configuration Control Register (CONFIG)	239
6.8	RAM and I/O Mapping Register (INIT)	240
6.9	Summary	240
	Exercises	241
7	Clocked Operation	243
7.1	Timing Diagrams	243
7.2	System Clock	245
7.3	Bus Operations	247
7.4	Cycle-by-Cycle Operation	253
7.5	Oscilloscope Test Loops	255
7.6	Logic Analyzer	257
7.7	Transmission Line Effects	260
7.8	Summary	263
	Exercises	264
Part 4	Interfacing	266
8	Interfacing Concepts	266
8.1	Introduction	267
8.2	Input/Output Subsystems and Registers	268
8.3	Memory or Input/Output Mapping	271
8.4	Interfacing Using Polling or Interrupts	274
8.5	The Parallel I/O Subsystem	276
8.6	Serial Systems	277
8.7	Programmable Timer I/O Subsystem	280
8.8	Analog/Digital I/O Subsystem	282
8.9	The I/O Subsystem Registers	284
8.10	Interface Standards	289
8.11	Summary	290
	Exercises	291
9	Parallel Input/Output	293
9.1	Introduction to the Subsystem	294
9.2	Seven-Segment (LED) Display Output	297
9.3	Liquid-Crystal Displays (LCDs)	304
9.4	Keyboard Interfacing	311
9.5	Other User Input/Output	324
9.6	Strobed Input/Output	324
9.7	Full Handshake Input/Output	330
9.8	Parallel Interface Standards	338
9.9	Summary	352
	Exercises	355
10	The Serial Subsystems	358
10.1	Asynchronous Communications Systems	359
10.2	The Serial Communications Interface (SCI)	370
10.3	SCI Registers	380
10.4	Synchronous Serial Input/Output	391
10.5	The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)	393
10.6	SPI Topologies and Applications	393
10.7	SPI Software	399
10.8	SPI Error Handling	408
10.9	Network Communications	409
10.10	Summary	412
	Exercises	413
11	Programmable Timer Operations	417
11.1	Overview	417
11.2	Output Compare	423
11.3	Input Capture	440
11.4	Pulse Accumulator	451
11.5	Real-Time Interrupt	459
11.6	Summary	462
	Exercises	463
12	The Analog Converter Subsystem	465
12.1	Concepts and Terminology	466
12.2	Transducers	470
12.3	Digital-to-Analog Converters	478
12.4	Analog-to-Digital Converters	484
12.5	The Built-in A/D Subsystem	488
12.6	Summary	494
	Exercises	495
Part 5	The Microcontroller World	497
13	Application Control Software	497
13.1	Boolean Logic Control	498
13.2	Sequencers	500
13.3	Sequential Machines	503
13.4	Feedback Control of the Analog World	511
13.5	Digital Signal Processors	517
13.6	Using the C Language	524
13.7	Multitasking	547
13.8	Fuzzy Logic	554
13.9	Summary	571
	Exercises	572
14	Applications	575
14.1	Automotive-Engine Control	575
14.2	Consumer Electronics: Automatic Camera	582
14.3	Computer Peripherals: Dot Matrix Printer	590
14.4	Society and Microcontroller Technology	601
15	Eight-Bit Microcontroller Families	602
15.1	Microcontrollers and the Semiconductor Industry	603
15.2	Motorola Families	604
15.3	The Intel 8051 Core	615
15.4	Survey of Other Families	624
15.5	Choosing a Microcontroller	624
15.6	Summary	628
	Appendices	630
A	Instruction Set Summary	630
B	Quick Reference	638
	MC68HC11E9 Block Diagram	639
	Data Book and Programming Reference Guide Tables and Figures	641
	Cross-References to Other Data	646
C	Further Information	647
	References	647
	Some Trade Magazines	648
	Manuals	649
	Sources	649
D	Conventions	651
	C Conventions	651
	Logic Levels for Digital Signals	652
	Numbering Systems	652
	Memory	653
	Cross Assembly	654
	Data Manipulation	656
	Measurement Quantities	656
E	Header and Library File Source Listings	658
	HC11REG.H	658
	HC11VEC.H	659
F	Digital Logic and Binary Codes	662
	A Digital Logic Primer	662
	Number Systems	666
	Number Conversions	668
	Binary Ranges	670
	Other Codes	676
G	Basic Waveforms	677
H	Internet and Disk Resources	679
	Internet	679
	Disk Resources	679
	Glossary	687
	Abbreviations	695
	Index	699