Medicine at a Glance Book

Preface viii

List of contributors ix

Acknowledgements x

List of abbreviations xi

Introduction

1 How to be a medical student 2

2 Patient confidentiality 4

3 Consent 6

4 Relationship with the patient 8

5 History of presenting complaint 10

6 Past medical history, drugs and allergies 12

7 Family and social history 14

8 Functional enquiry 15

9 Principles of examination 16

10 Basic clinical skills 17

11 Is the patient ill? 22

12 The critically ill patient 24

Clinical presentations at a glance

Cardiovascular disease

13 Chest pain 28

14 Oedema 30

15 Palpitations 32

16 The painful leg 33

17 Heart murmurs 34

18 Shock 36

Respiratory disease

19 Breathlessness, cough and haemoptysis 38

20 Wheeze (stridor) 42

21 Pleural effusion 43

22 Pneumothorax 44

Gastroenterology

23 Unintentional weight loss 46

24 Constipation and change in bowel habit 48

25 Diarrhoea: acute and chronic 50

26 Vomiting and intestinal obstruction 52

27 Haematemesis and melaena 54

28 Rectal bleeding 56

29 Dysphagia 58

30 Abdominal pain and dyspepsia 60

31 Jaundice 62

32 Abdominal mass 64

33 Ascites 65

Renal medicine

34 Polyuria and oliguria 66

35 Dysuria, frequency and urgency 68

36 Haematuria 69

Endocrinology

37 Sweating, flushing and thyroid swellings 70

38 Obesity 72

39 Hirsutism and infertility 74

40 Erectile dysfunction and gynaecomastia 76

Infectious disease

41 Principles of infection 78

42 Diagnosis of infection 80

43 Fever and the assessment of the patient with presumed infection 82

44 Fever and infections in hospital patients 84

45 Fever of unknown origin 86

46 Fever and rash 88

47 Fever in HIV-infected patients 90

48 Fever in the returned traveller 92

49 Vaginal discharge and urethritis 94

Haematology

50 Anaemia 96

51 Clinical approach to lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly 98

52 The patient with abnormal bleeding or bruising 100

53 Leukopenia 101

Oncology

54 Oncological emergencies 102

Neurology

55 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 1 104

56 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 2 106

57 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 3: neuroepidemiology 108

58 Common neurological symptoms 109

59 Weakness 112

60 Disturbance of vision: a neurological perspective 115

61 Sudden painless loss of vision 118

62 Tremor and other involuntary movements 120

63 Headache and facial pain 122

64 Episodic alterations in awareness and consciousness 124

Ophthalmology

65 The red eye 128

Rheumatology

66 Introduction to rheumatological disease 130

67 Low back pain and other regional pain syndromes 134

Dermatology

68 Introduction to dermatology 138

69 Pruritis and rashes 140

70 Hair and nail disorders 142

71 Leg ulcers 144

72 Photodermatoses 145

Other acute medical emergencies

73 Attempted suicide by drug poisoning 146

74 Anaphylaxis 148

75 Allergic reactions 150

76 Cardiac and respiratory arrest 152

77 Acute confusional state 154

78 Coma 156

Diseases and treatments at a glance

Cardiovascular disease

79 Hypertension 160

80 Hyperlipidaemia 162

81 Acute coronary syndromes 164

82 ST segment elevation myocardial infarction 166

83 Chronic coronary syndromes 168

84 Aortic dissection 170

85 Heart failure 172

86 Aortic valve disease 174

87 Mitral valve disease 176

88 Cardiomyopathies 178

89 Pericardial disease 179

90 Pulmonary embolism 180

91 Cardiac infections 182

92 Tachyarrhythmias 184

93 Bradyarrhythmias 188

94 Congenital heart disease 190

Respiratory disease

95 Lung function tests 192

96 Sleep apnoea 193

97 Respiratory failure 194

98 Arterial blood gas analysis 196

99 Basic chest X-ray interpretation 198

100 Non-invasive ventilation 200

101 Mechanical ventilation 202

102 Lower respiratory tract infection: pneumonia 204

103 Upper respiratory tract infection 207

104 Asthma 208

105 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 211

106 Bronchiectasis 214

107 Cystic fibrosis 216

108 Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous lung diseases 218

109 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) 220

110 Pulmonary fibrosis 222

111 Pulmonary eosinophilia and vasculitis 224

112 Fungi and the lung 226

113 Industrial lung disease 228

114 Lung disease caused by drugs 230

115 BOOP and ARDS 231

116 Primary tumours of the lung 232

Gastroenterology

117 Food poisoning and gastrointestinal infections 234

118 Reflux 235

119 Peptic ulcer disease 236

120 Diverticular disease 237

121 Iron deficiency 238

122 Abnormal liver function tests 240

123 Inflammatory bowel disease 242

124 Malabsorption 244

125 Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer 246

126 Gallstone disease 248

127 Inflammatory liver disease: viral and immune 249

128 Acute and chronic liver disease 253

129 Metabolic liver disease (including alcohol) 256

130 Upper gastrointestinal cancer 258

131 Colorectal cancer 260

132 Imaging in gastrointestinal disease 262

133 Functional gastrointestinal disorders 263

134 Nutrition 264

Renal medicine

135 Renal physiology and function tests 266

136 Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia 268

137 Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia 270

138 Disorders of acid–base balance 272

139 Urinary calculi 274

140 Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes 276

141 Glomerulonephritis 278

142 Renal involvement in systemic disease 280

143 Hereditary renal disorders 284

144 Tubulointerstitial disease 286

145 Acute renal failure 288

146 Chronic renal failure and the dialysis patient 290

147 The renal transplant recipient 292

148 Drugs and renal failure 294

149 Benign prostatic hypertrophy 295

150 Urinary tract infection 296

Endocrinology

151 Diabetes mellitus 298

152 Complications of diabetes 300

153 Diabetic emergencies 302

154 Hyperprolactinaemia and acromegaly 303

155 Hypothyroidism 304

156 Hyperthyroidism 306

157 Calcium metabolism 308

158 Adrenal disease 310

159 Miscellaneous endocrine disorders 312

160 Hypogonadism 314

Infectious disease

161 Bacteraemia and septic shock 316

162 Common viral infections in adults 318

163 HIV infection and AIDS 320

164 Common fungal infections 322

165 Specific bacterial infections 324

166 Malaria 326

167 Tuberculosis 328

168 Tropical infectious diseases 330

169 Diseases predisposing to infection 332

170 Immunological deficiency syndromes 334

Haematology

171 Haematinic deficiency anaemias 338

172 Haemolytic anaemia 340

173 Thalassaemia and sickle cell disease 344

174 Bone marrow failure 346

175 Acute leukaemia 348

176 Chronic leukaemia 350

177 Lymphoma 352

178 Myeloproliferative disorders 354

179 Myeloma 356

180 Myelodysplasia 357

181 The blood in systemic disease 358

182 Platelet disorders 362

183 Disorders of coagulation 364

184 Anticoagulation and antiplatelet drugs 366

185 Thrombophilia 368

Oncology

186 Aetiology of cancer 370

187 Diagnostic strategies and basic principles of cancer management 372

188 Cancer screening and early detection 374

189 Breast cancer 376

190 Prostate cancer 378

191 Cancer with an unknown primary 380

192 Paraneoplastic syndromes and hormone-producing cancers 382

193 Palliative care 384

Neurology

194 Stroke 386

195 Management of stroke 388

196 Other vascular disorders of the brain 390

197 Dementias 392

198 Epilepsy 394

199 Multiple sclerosis 396

200 Infections of the central nervous system 398

201 Tumours and the nervous system 400

202 Spinal cord disease 402

203 Neuromuscular disease 404

204 Peripheral neuropathy 406

205 Movement disorders 408

Rheumatology

206 Osteoarthritis 410

207 Gout and pseudogout 412

208 Arthritis associated with infectious agents 414

209 Metabolic bone disease 416

210 Other bone disease 418

211 Rheumatoid arthritis 420

212 Seronegative spondyloarthropathies 424

213 Vasculitis 428

214 Systemic lupus erythematosus 431

215 Inflammatory muscle disease and selected forms of vasculitis 434

Dermatology

216 Eczema and urticaria 436

217 Psoriasis 439

218 Acne, rosacea and hidradenitis 440

219 Disorders of skin pigmentation 441

220 Blistering diseases 442

221 Skin infections and infestations 444

222 The skin and systemic disease 447

223 Skin tumours 450

224 Orogenital disease 452

Miscellaneous

225 Fluid replacement therapy 454

226 Illness in elderly people 456

227 Chronic tiredness and other medically unexplained symptoms 458

228 Psychiatric disorders 460

229 Substance abuse 462

230 Alcohol abuse and dependence 464

231 Drug toxicity (adverse drug reactions) 466

Index 471