Mechanics of Offshore Pipelines: Volume 1 Buckling and Collapse Book

Preface     xi
Introduction     1
Offshore Pipeline Design Considerations     6
Buckling and Collapse of Structures     8
Buckle Propagation in Offshore Pipelines     12
Offshore Facilities and Pipeline Installation Methods     15
Offshore Platforms and Related Production Systems     16
Fixed Platforms     16
Floating and Tethered Platforms     22
Offshore Pipeline Installation Methods     34
S-Lay     34
J-Lay     38
Reeling     43
Towing     48
The Mardi Gras Project     52
Pipe and Tube Manufacturing Processes     59
Steelmaking for Line Pipe     60
Strengthening of Steel     60
Plate Production     63
Steelmaking     64
Vertical Continuous Casting of Slabs     64
Plate Rolling     65
Seamless Pipe     70
Continuous Casting of Round Billets     70
Plug Mill     72
Mandrel Mill     74
Pilger Mill     76
Electric Resistance Welded Pipe     78
Spiral Weld Pipe     80
UOE PipeManufacture     81
JCO Forming     86
Buckling and Collapse Under External Pressure     89
Elastic Buckling     89
Imperfect Pipe     92
Plastic Buckling     94
Lateral Pressure     96
Hydrostatic Pressure     97
Pressure with Zero Axial Strain     97
Nonlinear Formulation     99
Kinematics     100
Constitutive Behavior     100
Principle of Virtual Work     101
Examples     102
Factors Affecting Pipe Collapse     104
Collapse Pressure Experiments     104
Prediction of Collapse Pressures     106
Effect of Initial Ovality     108
Type of Pressure Loading     111
Wall Thickness Variations     112
Effect of Material Stress-Strain Response     114
Residual Stresses     115
Anisotropic Yielding     115
An Approximate Estimate of Collapse Pressure     117
Representative Seamless Pipe Imperfections     118
Imperfection Scanning System     118
Data Reduction     119
Four Examples     121
Conclusions and Design Recommendations      128
Collapse of UOE Pipe Under External Pressure     131
Collapse Pressure of UOE Pipe     131
Prediction of Collapse Pressure of UOE Pipe     136
Improvement of Compressive Properties by Heat Treatment of the Pipe     137
One-Dimensional Model of UOE Pipe Forming     140
Two-Dimensional Models of UOE/UOC     144
UOE/UOC Forming Steps     144
Numerical Simulation     147
An Example of UOE Forming     148
Parametric Study-Optimization of UOE/UOC     155
Conclusions and Recommendations     161
Collapse of Dented Pipes Under External Pressure     164
Dent Characteristics     164
Denting and Collapse Experiments     165
Indention     165
Collapse Experiments     168
Modeling of Denting and Collapse     170
Prediction of Collapse Pressure of Dented Tubes     171
Universal Collapse Resistance Curves for Dented Pipes     175
Localization of Collapse Under External Pressure     175
The Universal Collapse Resistance Curve     177
Conclusions and Recommendations     180
Buckling and Collapse Under Combined External Pressure and Tension     181
Elastic Buckling     183
Plastic Buckling     185
Nonlinear Formulation     186
Examples     187
Collapse Under External Pressure and Tension     188
Experimental Results and Numerical Predictions     190
Additional Parametric Study     192
Conclusions and Recommendations     194
Inelastic Response, Buckling and Collapse Under Pure Bending     196
Features of Inelastic Bending     196
Bending Experiments     198
Formulation     208
Kinematics     209
Constitutive Behavior     210
Principle of Virtual Work     210
Bifurcation Buckling Under Pure Bending     211
Predictions     214
Parametric Study     219
Summary and Recommendations     223
Buckling and Collapse Under Combined Bending and External Pressure     225
Features of Inelastic Bending of Tubes Under External Pressure     225
Combined Bending-External Pressure Experiments     226
Test Facilities     227
Experimental Results     229
Formulation     233
Principle of Virtual Work     234
Bifurcation Buckling Under Combined Bending and External Pressure     235
Predictions     235
Factors That Affect Collapse     238
Effect of Hardening Rule     238
Bifurcation Buckling     239
Effect of Residual Stresses     240
Asymmetric Modes of Collapse     243
Effect of Wall Thickness Variations     248
Effect of Material Stress-Strain Response     249
Effect of Anisotropic Yielding     250
Collapse of UOE Pipe Bent Under External Pressure     251
Experiments     252
Analysis     256
Conclusions and Recommendations     257
Inelastic Response Under Combined Bending and Tension     260
Features of Tube Bending Under Tension     261
Combined Bending-Tension Experiments     261
Test Facility     261
Experimental Procedure and Results     264
Formulation     270
Predictions     274
Simulation of Experiments     274
Parametric Study     275
Effect of Loading Path     275
Transverse Force on Axis of Pipe     276
Effect of Curvature     276
Effect of Yield Anisotropy and Residual Stresses      277
Conclusions and Recommendations     278
Plastic Buckling and Collapse Under Axial Compression     280
Features of Axial Plastic Buckling     281
Axial Buckling Experiments     283
Experimental Setup     283
Experimental Results     285
Onset of Axisymmetric Wrinkling     293
Formulation     293
Predictions     296
Evolution of Wrinkling     297
Kinematics     297
Principle of Virtual Work     299
Constitutive Equations     299
Axisymmetric Solution     299
Localization of Axisymmetric Wrinkling     304
Bifurcation into Non-Axisymmetric Buckling Modes     305
Non-Axisymmetric Buckling and Collapse     308
Results     309
Parametric Study     314
Summary and Recommendations     316
Combined Internal Pressure and Axial Compression     319
Combined Axial Compression-Internal Pressure Experiments     319
Experimental Set-Up     320
Experimental Results     321
Onset of Axisymmetric Wrinkling     327
Formulation     327
Predictions     328
Evolution of Wrinkling     329
Parametric Study     332
Summary and Recommendations     334
Elements of Plasticity Theory     336
Preliminaries     336
Aspects of Uniaxial Behavior     336
Discontinuous Yielding     339
Multiaxial Behavior     342
Yield Criteria     342
Incremental Plasticity     345
The Flow Rule     345
J[subscript 2] Flow Theory with Isotropic Hardening     346
The Deformation Theory of Plasticity     349
The J[subscript 2] Deformation Theory     349
Incremental J[subscript 2] Deformation Theory     350
Anisotropic Deformation Theory     351
Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening     352
The Drucker-Palgen Model [13.19]     353
The Dafalias-Popov Two-Surface Model     355
The Tseng-Lee Two-Surface Model     358
Mechanical Testing     361
Tensile and Compressive Material Stress-Strain Responses     361
Tension Tests     361
Compression Tests     363
Toughness     365
Charpy V-Notch Impact Test (CVN)     365
Drop-Weight Tear Test (DWTT)     368
Hardness Tests     368
Residual Stresses     369
Plastic Anisotropy in Tubes     371
Anisotropy Tests     371
Lateral Pressure Test     372
Hydrostatic Pressure Test     373
Torsion Test     374
The Ramberg-Osgood Stress-Strain Fit     376
Sanders' Circular Cylindrical Shell Equations     378
Stress-Strain Fitting for the Dafalias-Popov Model     380
Stress-Strain Fitting for the Tseng-Lee Model     383
Glossary and Nomenclature     386
Units and Conversions     393
Index     395