Masonry Design and Detailing, Sixth Edition Book

Preface xv

1 Introduction to Masonry 1

2 Brick, Concrete Masonry Units, and Stone 3

2.1 Brick 3

2.1.1 Types of Brick 3

2.1.2 Brick Sizes and Shapes 7

2.1.3 Brick Colors and Textures 11

2.1.4 Brick Absorption 11

2.2 Concrete Masonry Units 12

2.2.1 Types of CMUs 13

2.2.2 CMU Colors and Textures 15

2.2.3 CMU Coring 18

2.2.4 CMU Grading and Moisture Content 19

2.2.5 CMU Sizes and Shapes 19

2.2.6 CMU Strength 20

2.2.7 CMU Absorption 21

2.3 Natural Stone 22

2.3.1 Granite 22

2.3.2 Limestone 23

2.3.3 Marble 24

2.3.4 Sandstone 25

2.3.5 Selecting Stone 25

2.4 Cast Stone 27

2.5 Adhered Manufactured Stone Masonry Veneer 31

2.6 Glass Block 32

3 Mortar and Grout 35

3.1 Mortar Ingredients 35

3.1.1 Cementitious Materials 35

3.1.2 Sand 37

3.1.3 Mortar Admixtures 37

3.1.4 Coloring Pigments 38

3.2 Mortar Properties 39

3.2.1 Workability 40

3.2.2 Water Retention 40

3.2.3 Bond Strength 41

3.2.4 Compressive Strength 42

3.3 Three Kinds of Mortar 43

3.3.1 Cement-Lime Mortars 43

3.3.2 Masonry Cement Mortars 43

3.3.3 Mortar Cement Mortars 43

3.3.4 Choosing Cement-Lime or Masonry Cement Mortar 44

3.4 Mortar Types 44

3.4.1 Type M Mortar 44

3.4.2 Type S Mortar 44

3.4.3 Type N Mortar 45

3.4.4 Type O Mortar 45

3.4.5 Type K Mortar 45

3.4.6 Choosing the Right Mortar Type 45

3.4.7 Proportion Versus Property Method of Specifying Mortar 46

3.5 Masonry Grout 50

3.5.1 Grout Materials 50

3.5.2 Grout Admixtures 51

3.5.3 Grout Properties 52

3.5.4 Grout Types and Proportions 52

3.5.5 Self-Consolidating Grout 54

4 Masonry Accessories 55

4.1 Metals and Corrosion 55

4.2 Joint Reinforcement 58

4.3 Connectors 60

4.3.1 Ties 62

4.3.2 Anchors 64

4.4 Reinforcing Bars and Bar Positioners 66

4.5 Flashing Materials 68

4.6 Weeps 70

4.7 Drainage Accessories 72

4.8 Flashing and Drainage Systems 73

5 Masonry Properties 75

5.1 Durability and Freeze-Thaw Resistance 75

5.2 Fire-Resistance Characteristics 76

5.2.1 Fire-Resistance Ratings 77

5.2.2 UL Ratings 80

5.2.3 Steel Fireproofrig 80

5.2.4 Compartmentation 80

5.3 Thermal Properties 81

5.3.1 Heat Capacity 82

5.3.2 Added Insulation 82

5.3.3 Granular Fills 84

5.3.4 Rigid Board Insulation and Insulation Inserts 84

5.3.5 Insulation Location 86

5.4 Vapor and Air Resistance 86

5.5 Acoustical Properties 87

5.5.1 Acoustical Characteristics of Masonry 87

5.5.2 Sound Absorption 88

5.5.3 Sound Transmission 89

5.5.4 STC Ratings 89

5.6 Green Buildings 90

5.6.1 Resource Management, Recycled Content, and Embodied Energy 94

5.6.2 Construction Site Operations 94

5.6.3 Indoor Air Quality and Building Ecology 95

5.6.4 Masonry and LEED 95

5.7 Masonry Costs 95

5.7.1 Factors Affecting Cost 96

5.7.2 Value Engineering 96

6 Expansion and Contraction 99

6.1 Movement Characteristics 99

6.1.1 Brick Expansion and Contraction 99

6.1.2 Concrete Masonry Expansion and Contraction 100

6.1.3 Differential Movement 101

6.2 Flexible Anchorage 103

6.3 Movement Joints 103

6.3.1 Joint Design 106

6.3.2 Joint Locations HO

6.3.3 Accommodating Movement Joints in Design 114

7 Moisture and Air Management 121

7.1 Definitions 121

7.2 Moisture Management 122

7.3 Deflection: Limit Rain Penetration 123

7.3.1 Wall System Concepts 123

7.3.2 Masonry Wall Types 125

7.3.3 Masonry Units and Mortar 127

7.3.4 Parapets 130

7.3.5 Coatings and Water Repellents 137

7.4 Drainage: Prevent Moisture Accumulation 139

7.4.1 Flashing 140

7.4.2 Flashing Locations 146

7.4.3 Weeps 150

7.5 Drying: Evaporation and Venting 151

7.6 Controlling Air and Vapor Movement 154

7.6.1 Water-Resistive Barriers 155

7.6.2 Vapor Retarders 155

7.6.3 Air Barriers 156

8 Single-Wythe Wall Details 159

8.1 Single-Wythe Concrete Masonry Unit Walls 159

8.2 Insulation 161

8.3 Interior Finishes 162

8.4 Water Penetration Resistance 162

8.5 Parapet Details 165

8.6 Roof-to-Wall Details 168

8.7 Window Head Details 168

8.8 Window Sill Details 168

8.9 Base Flashing Details 171

8.10 Miscellaneous Details 172

9 Multi-Wythe Wall Details 175

9.1 Multi-Wythe Walls 175

9.1.1 Composite Walls 175

9.1.2 Cavity Walls 176

9.2 Insulation 178

9.3 Interior Finishes 179

9.4 Water Penetration Resistance 179

9.5 Parapet Details 180

9.6 Roof-to-Wall Details 183

9.7 Shelf Angle Details 184

9.8 Window Details 186

9.9 Base Flashing Details 187

9.10 Miscellaneous Details 189

10 Anchored Veneer Details 191

10.1 Brick and Concrete Masonry Unit Veneer 191

10.2 Insulation 196

10.3 Water Penetration Resistance 197

10.4 Parapet Details 197

10.5 Roof-to-Wall Details 199

10.6 Shelf Angle Details 199

10.7 Window Details 200

10.8 Base Flashing Details 201

11 Adhered Veneer Details 205

11.1 Adhered Masonry Veneer 205

11.2 Thin Brick Veneer 205

11.3 Adhered Manufactured Stone Masonry Veneer (AMSMV) 206

11.4 Installation Methods 206

11.5 Water Penetration Resistance 208

11.6 Parapet Details 209

11.7 Roof-to-Wall Details 209

11.8 Window Details 209

11.9 Wall Base Details 212

11.10 Miscellaneous Details 213

12 Special Wall Types 215

12.1 Interior Partitions 215

12.2 Screen Walls and Fences 216

12.3 Glass Block Panels 231

13 Lintels and Arches 237

13.1 Lintels 237

13.1.1 Determining Loads 237

13.1.2 Steel Lintels 239

13.1.3 Concrete and Concrete Masonry Lintels 242

13.1.4 Reinforced Brick Lintels 243

13.2 Arches 245

13.2.1 Minor Arch Design 245

13.2.2 Graphic Analysis 245

14 Structural Masonry 251

14.1 Masonry Structures 251

14.1.1 Differential Movement 253

14.1.2 Load Distribution 253

14.1.3 Beams and Girders 255

14.1.4 Connections 256

14.2 Empirical Design 257

14.3 Analytical Design 261

14.3.1 Unreinforced Masonry 266

14.3.2 Reinforced Masonry 269

14.3.3 Wind and Seismic Loads 272

15 Installation and Workmanship 275

15.1 Moisture Resistance 275

15.2 Preparation of Materials 276

15.2.1 Material Storage and Protection 276

15.2.2 Mortar and Grout 277

15.2.3 Masonry Units 279

15.2.4 Accessories 280

15.2.5 Layout and Coursing 282

15.3 Installation 284

15.3.1 Mortar and Unit Placement 284

15.3.2 Flashing and Weep Holes 288

15.3.3 Control and Expansion Joints 296

15.3.4 Accessories and Reinforcement 296

15.3.5 Grouting 299

15.4 Construction Tolerances 303

15.4.1 Masonry Size Tolerances 304

15.4.2 Mortar Joints 304

15.4.3 Wall Cavity Width Variations 305

15.4.4 Grout and Reinforcement 306

15.5 Cold Weather Construction 306

15.6 Hot Weather Construction 307

15.7 Moist Curing 309

16 Specifications 311

16.1 Specification Guidelines 311

16.1.1 Mortar and Grout 312

16.1.2 Masonry Accessories 312

16.1.3 Masonry Units 312

16.1.4 Construction 313

16.1.5 Quality Control Tests 313

16.1.6 Sample Panels and Mock-Ups 314

16.2 Specifying with the MSJC Code 315

16.2.1 General 316

16.2.2 Products 317

16.2.3 Execution 317

17 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 319

17.1 Standard of Quality 319

17.2 Quality Assurance/Quality Control in Masonry 319

17.2.1 Industry Standards for Masonry 319

17.2.2 Standards for Clay Masonry Units 320

17.2.3 Standards for Concrete Masonry Units 323

17.2.4 Standards for Masonry Mortar and Grout 324

17.2.5 Standards for Masonry Accessories 325

17.2.6 Standards for Laboratory and Field Testing 326

17.3 Masonry Submittals 327

17.3.1 Specifying Submittals 327

17.3.2 Submittal Procedures 328

17.3.3 Shop Drawings 329

17.3.4 Product Data 330

17.3.5 Samples 330

17.3.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control Submittals 330

17.3.7 Closeout Submittals 331

17.4 Sample Panels and Mock-Ups 331

17.4.1 Sample Panel 332

17.4.2 Mock-Up 332

17.4.3 Grout Demonstration Panel 334

17.5 Field Observation and Inspection 334

17.5.1 Materials 334

17.5.2 Construction 335

17.5.3 Workmanship 335

17.5.4 Protection and Cleaning 337

17.5.5 Moisture Drainage 337

18 Forensic Investigations 339

18.1 Water Leakage 339

18.1.1 Diagnostic Water Testing 340

18.1.2 Types of Water Tests 340

18.2 Structural Performance 344

18.3 Cracking 345

A Glossary 349

B ASTM Reference Standards 367

Clay Masonry Units 367

Cementitious Masonry Units 368

Adhered Manufactured Stone Masonry Veneer 368

Natural Stone 368

Mortar and Grout 368

Reinforcement and Accessories 369

Sampling and Testing 369

Assemblages 371

Bibliography 373

Index 377