Lead Regulation Handbook Book

Lead - General Background     1
History     1
Properties of Lead     1
Sources and Production of Lead     2
Sales and Consumption of Lead     2
Alloys, Compounds and Isotopes     3
Modern Uses of Lead and Lead Compounds     4
Overview     4
Lead-Acid Batteries     6
Radiation Shielding     8
Electronic Products     10
Lead in Glass     11
Lead in Electrostatic Precipitators     11
Lead in Architectural and Industries Construction     11
Lead Mining and Production; Alloys and Compounds     13
Primary Lead Production     13
Mining     13
Concentration     14
Smelting     14
Drossing     15
Refining     15
Secondary Lead Production     16
Recycled Scrap Feed Materials     16
Battery Breaking     17
Smelting     17
Byproducts     17
Battery Breaking Processes     18
Lead Alloys     18
Lead Compounds     19
Health Effects of Lead and Lead Compounds     27
RecentResearch on Health Effects     27
Historical Observations
Development of Health Research and Care Industries; Health Studies     28
Lead Exposure Sources     28
Lead Absorption and Excretion by the Human Body     30
Health Effects     31
Acute Effects and Symptoms     31
Hematological Effects     32
Cardiovascular Disease     33
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)     33
Neurological Effects     34
Renal Effects     34
Reproductive Effects     36
Carcinogenicity     37
Obesity     38
Asthma     38
Schizophrenia     39
Brain Tumor     39
Dental Problems     39
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)     40
Health Effects on Children     40
The CDC's 1991 Statement     40
Questioning the CDC's Methods and Conclusions     42
The Pirkle Report (NHANES III)     42
The Brody Report (NHANES III)     43
The Pocock Report     43
The Tong Articles on the Port Pirie Cohort Study     44
The Canfield Article     44
The Koller Article      45
The Chen Article     46
The Lanphear Article on an International Pooled Analysis     47
The Schnaas Article (A Mexico City Cohort Study)     48
American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement     48
Epidemiological Studies and Confounding Factors     49
Chelation     49
Studies Relating to Cleanup Needs and Methods     51
International Studies     54
The Clean Air Act     62
General     62
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)     62
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)     63
Primary Lead Smelters     64
Secondary Lead Smelters     64
Lead-Acid Battery Manufacturers     64
Metallic Mineral Processors     65
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories     65
Secondary Lead Smelting     65
Primary Lead Smelting     67
Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives     68
The Clean Water Act     69
General     69
Listing of Lead Compounds as Hazardous Substances     69
Reportable Quantities for Spills of Lead Compounds     69
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System      69
State NPDES Program Requirements     70
Water Quality Management and Planning Regulations     71
Water Quality Standards for State Programs     71
Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards     71
Effluent Guidelines and Standards for Classes and Categories of Sources     71
Sewage Sludge Management     75
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)     76
General     76
Prohibited Uses     76
Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards     77
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Lead     78
National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations for Lead     79
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know-Act     82
General     82
Emergency Planning and Release Reporting     82
Communication of Chemical Hazards to Community Officials     82
Toxic Chemical Release Reporting     83
The Solid Waste Disposal Act, as Amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act     84
General     84
Solid Waste Disposal Facilities     85
The Hazardous Waste Management System Regulations     85
Land Disposal Restrictions     87
Management of Spent Lead-Acid Batteries      88
Universal Waste Management Standards     88
Disposal of Lead-Based Paint Wastes     88
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act     92
General     92
Release Reporting     92
The National Contingency Plan: The Hazard Ranking System; and the National Priority List     93
Performance of and Payment for Removal and Response Actions     93
No Hazard Threshold Levels under CERCLA     94
Products in Use That Are Not Waste     94
Interim Guidance on Soil Cleanup     95
Worker Protection under CERCLA     91
Transfer of Federal Real Properties     91
Occupational Safety and Health Act     98
General     98
The Hazard Communication Rule     98
The General Industry Standard     99
Background     99
Summary of the General Industry Standard     100
Appendices to the General Industry Standard     107
Enforcement of the General Industry Standard     108
Working with the General Industry Standard Management, Worker and Labor Union Support     110
Appendices for the General Industry Standard     113
Checklist for Respirator Selection     114
Material Safety Data Sheet for Refined Lead     115
Checklist of Health Program Elements     121
OSHA's Memorandum dated May 11, 2004 on Enforcement of the Engineering and Work Practice Control Provisions of the Lead Standard, 1910.1025(e)(1)     122
The Construction Industry Standard for Lead     124
Background     124
Summary of the Construction Industry Standard     125
Appendices to the Construction Industry Standard     134
Enforcement of the Construction Industry Standard     135
Working with the Construction Industry Standard     136
General Construction Activities     136
Abatement of Lead-Based Paint by the Construction Industry     136
Welding, Cutting and Heating Regulations     138
Review of the Construction Industry Standard     138
Appendices to the Construction Industry Standard     139
Checklist for Respirator Selection     140
OSHA's Fact Sheet No. 93-48 on Engineering Controls     142
OSHA's Memorandum dated 12/08/98 on Enforcement Policy for Abrasive Blasting Respiratory Protection under the Lead in Construction Interim Final Rule     144
The Federal Hazardous Substances Act     147
The Consumer Product Safety Act     148
General      148
Prohibited Consumer Products (Lead-Containing Paint)     148
Exemptions and Labelling     148
1992-1993 Regulatory Investigation     150
Other Prohibited Products (Lead-Containing Candlewicks)     150
Enforcement Programs and Guidance     150
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act     152
General     152
Regulations Relating to Lead in Food     153
FDA Proposal to Adopt Stricter Lead Standards     156
The Food Chemicals Codex     157
Cosmetics Tolerances     157
Candy Likely to Be Consumed by Small Children     157
Folk Remedies and Cosmetics     157
The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act     159
General     159
PHSMA Regulations     159
Lead Compounds Listed in the Hazardous Materials Table     160
Reportable Quantities for Spills and Releases     161
List of Marine Pollutants     162
The Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act 42 U.S.C. [section] 4801, and the Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act, 42 U.S.C. [section] 4851     164
General     164
The Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act of 1971     164
HUD and GSA Implementation After 1971      165
The Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992     166
Amendments to the Poisoning Prevention Act     166
Amendments to the OSH Act     167
Amendments to the Toxic Substances Control Act     168
Other Provisions of the Residential Hazard Reduction Act     168
Department of Housing and Urban Development Regulations     171
Disclosures Upon Sale or Lease of Residential Property     171
General Requirements and Definitions for All Programs     172
Disposition of Residential Properties Owned by a Federal Agency Other than HUD     175
Project-Based Assistance by a Federal Agency Other Than HUD     175
HUD-Owned Single Family Property     176
Multifamily Mortgage Insurance     176
Project-Based Assistance     177
HUD-Owned and Mortgagee-in-Possession Multifamily Property     177
Rehabilitation     178
Acquisition, Leasing, Support Services, or Operation     179
Public Housing Programs     179
Tenant-Based Rental Assistance     180
Methods and Standards for Evaluation and Hazard Reduction     181
Other HUD Regulations     183
Litigation     184
The Toxic Substances Control Act      187
General Provisions of TSCA     187
Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for a Wide     188
Review of Lead in the Environment Under TSCA     189
Proposed Ban on Lead and Zinc Fishing Sinkers     189
Proposed Significant New Use Regulations     189
TSCA Programs for Lead-Based Paint     189
Lead-Based Paint Hazards     193
Early Guidance (1994)     193
The Lead-Based Paint Hazards Regulation (2001)     194
The Residential Property Renovation Regulations (1998)     195
The Disclosure Regulations (1994)     198
Lead-Based Paint Activities Regulations (1994)     200
State and Indian Tribal Programs (1996)     203
Proposed Renovation, Repair and Painting Program Amendments (2006)     204
The Atomic Energy Act of 1954     221
Statutory Provisions     221
NRC's Radiation Protection Standards     221
NRC's Packaging and Transportation Regulations     221
State Regulation     222
State Environmental and Health Laws     223
State Environmental Laws     223
State Health and Housing Laws     223
State Laws Restricting Lead in Water Pipe and Solder      225
State Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Laws     225
State Laws Restricting Lead in Packaging     225
The City of New York; A Legislative History     226
List of State Laws     229
Battery Council International     237
Evaluation, Inspection and Abatement of Paint, Dust and Soil     243
General     243
Definitions     243
Standards     244
Risk Assessments     245
Inspection, Sampling and Testing Methods     247
Interim Controls     249
Abatement Methods     251
Cleaning     255
Waste Disposal     256
Clearance     259
Renovation and Remodelling     260
Forms     261
XRF Performance Characteristic Sheets     261
Standards Organizations     264
American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists     264
ASTM International, Inc.     264
National Academy of Sciences, Food Codex Committee     267
NSF International     269
American National Standards Institute     269
Lead-Based Paint Litigation     270
General     270
Lawsuits Against Lead Pigment Manufacturers     270
Lawsuits Against Property Owners and Operators     273
Investigation and Discovery     278
Experts and Their Qualifications and Testimony     280
Lawsuits Against Liability Insurers     283
Lawsuit Against a Hospital and a Doctor     285
Lawsuit Against a Corporate Officer     286
Lawsuits Under the Lead-Based Poisoning Prevention Act and the Residential Lead-Based Hazard Reduction Act     286
A Recent Article     286
Appendices
Chapter III
Process Flow Sheets - Primary Lead Production
Process Flow Sheet - Secondary Lead Production
Lead/Return/Recycle - Forms of Lead Scrap
Chapter IV
Epidemiological Studies, Health Surveys and Reviews of Neurological Effects of the Low-Level Lead Exposure on Very Young Children
Chapter VII
Get the Lead Out of Drinking Water - Yonkers, New York
Chapter XI
Checklist for Respirator Selection
Material Safety Data Sheet for Refined Lead
Checklist of Safety and Health Programs Elements
Checklist of Health Program Elements OSHA's Memorandum dated May 11, 2004 on Enforcement of the Engineering and Work Practice Control Provisions of the Lead Standard, 1910.1025(e)(1)
Checklist for Respirator Selection
OSHA's Fact Sheet 93-48 on Engineering Controls
OSHA's Memorandum dated 12/08/98 on Enforcement Policy For Abrasive-Blasting Respiratory Protection under the Lead In Construction Interim Final Rule
Chapter XVII
EPA's Pamphlet "Protect Your Family From Lead in Your Home."
Chapter XIX
List of State Laws
U.S. State Lead-Acid Battery Laws - Battery Council International
Chapter XX
Table. 5.1 - HUD Guidelines
Form 5.1 - HUD Guidelines
Acknowledgments
Index