Ion Exchange Materials Book

Preface     xi
Symbols Used in the Book     xiii
Introduction     1
History Note     2
Applications of Ion Exchangers     2
Structure of the Book     5
Ion Exchangers, their Structure and Major Properties     9
Ion Exchange Reactions in Liquid Phase     9
Ion Exchangers     13
Hydrocarbon Structure of Ion Exchange Polymers     19
Functional Groups     26
Inorganic Ion Exchangers     31
Ion Exchange Capacity     37
Physical Structure     45
Properties of Ion Exchange Resins - Summary     54
Specific Interactions in Ion Exchange Systems     55
Chelating Ion Exchangers     55
Imprinted Functional Polymers     61
Ligand Exchange     67
Chiral Recognition with Ligand Exchangers     73
Bipolar Materials     78
Interactions with Organic and Biochemical Substances     83
Sieve Effects     84
Effects of Ion Recharging     87
Positioning of the Functional Groups in Sorbed Organics     92
Effect of Coordination, Hydrogen, and van der Waals Bonds     92
Association of Counterions     94
Hydrophobic Interactions and Complicated Hydration Effects     98
Redox Materials     101
Electron Exchangers     101
Redox Resins     104
Properties of Redox Materials     106
Approaches to Practical Applications of Redox Materials     109
Impregnated Resins     113
Methods of Impregnation     114
Peculiarity of Impregnated Materials     118
Equilibria Involving Impregnated Materials     120
Stability of Impregnated Materials     128
Comparison with Other Separation Methods     129
Interactions with Water and Aqueous Solutions     133
Early Models of Ion Exchange     135
Driving Forces for Swelling     138
Factors Affecting Swelling     140
Multi-phase Model of Internal Water     147
Water Sorption Isotherms     151
Quantitative Treatment of Swelling     156
Donnan Equilibria     163
Physico-chemical Description of Ion Exchange Processes     169
Chemical Representation of Ion Exchange Reactions     170
Equivalent Fraction     172
Ion Exchange Isotherm     173
Selectivity Characteristics      177
Thermodynamic Description of Ion Exchange     184
Phenomena Affecting Selectivity     193
Modern Physico-chemical Models     199
Gibbs-Donnan Models     199
Hogfeldt's Three-parameter Model     206
Soldatov's Approach     210
Surface Complexation Model     212
Kinetics of Ion Exchange     221
Mechanism of Ion Exchange Processes     221
Rate-determining Step     225
Quantitative Approaches to Kinetics of Ion Exchange     230
Examples of Kinetic Models     233
Approaches to Enhance the Rate of Ion Exchange     239
Column Processes     243
Ion Exchange in Columns     244
Breakthrough Curve and Performance of Column     248
Sorption Front     251
Hydrodynamic Effects in Columns     254
Quantitative Treatment of Column Processes     258
Ion Exchange Purification and Separation     263
Elution and Regeneration     264
Cycles of Ion Exchange Separation     268
Removal of Ionic Mixture     271
Extraction of Ions     273
Multistep Deionisation     277
Mixed Bed Deionisation      280
Analytical Applications of Ion Exchangers     283
Materials Used in Ion Exchange Chromatography     283
Sensor Applications     286
Pre-treatment of Samples     290
Ion Speciation in Solutions     293
Technological Schemes of Ion Exchange     297
Multicolumn Technology     297
Fluidised Bed and Expanded Bed     302
Moving Bed     308
Consecutive Columns (Cascade)     312
Dual-temperature Separation     315
Parametric Elution     316
Sirotherm Process     318
Principle of Parametric Pumping     321
Parametric Pumping in Columns     326
Continuous (Open) Parametric Pumping     330
Rocking Wave Separation     332
Schemes of Dual-temperature Separation     334
Treatment of Gases and Fumes     339
Exchange Reactions in Gas Phase     339
Chemical Sorption of Gases     342
Use of Complexation in Exchanger Phase     344
Redox Materials in Gas Treatment     346
Pressure- and Temperature-reversible Processes     347
General Approaches to Ion Exchange Treatment of Gases     348
Electroseparation with Ion Exchange Materials     351
Electrical Current in Ion Exchangers     352
Ion Exchange Membranes     355
Electrotransport of Ions through Ion Exchange Membranes     356
Practical Aspects of Electro-membrane Separations     362
Monovalent-ion Permselective Membranes     365
Purification of Organic Substances with Electrodialysis     368
Bipolar Membranes     369
Electrochemical Processes in Packed Beds     371
Electrodialysis with Filled Compartments     372
Subjects that do not Fit in Other Chapters     377
Ion Exchange Synthesis     377
Catalysis with Ion Exchange Materials     379
Deterioration of Ion Exchangers     387
Non-chemical Aspects of Ion Exchange Technology     397
Approaches to the Technology Design     397
Economical Aspects of Ion Exchange Technology     398
Environmental Aspects     402
Practical Laboratory Methods     409
Storing Ion Exchange Resins     409
Swelling of Ion Exchange Resins     409
Conditioning     410
Handling Hydroxyl Forms of Anion Exchangers     411
Water Content     412
Mechanical Stability of Resin Beads      412
Density and Pore Size of Ion Exchange Resins     413
Water Vapour Sorption Isotherms     413
Ion Exchange Columns     415
Column Experiments     416
Ion Exchange Capacity of Strong Ion Exchangers     417
Anion Exchange Capacity: Separate Determination of Strong-base and Weak-base Groups     418
Titration of Ion Exchangers     419
Definitions     421
References     437
Index     471