Infrared Optics and Zoom Lenses Book

	Preface	xi
Chapter 1.	System Considerations	1
1.1	Radiometry	1
1.1.1	Blackbody radiation	1
1.1.2	Planck's equation	1
1.1.3	Stefan-Boltzmann law	2
1.1.4	Wien displacement law	2
1.2	Atmospheric Transmission	3
1.2.1	Scattering	3
1.2.2	Absorption	4
1.2.3	Infrared windows	4
1.2.4	Computer calculation	5
1.3	Lens Transmission	5
1.3.1	Transmittance	5
1.3.2	Reflectance	5
1.4	Coatings	7
1.4.1	Single layer coatings	7
1.4.2	Multilayer coatings	8
1.5	Infrared detectors	8
1.5.1	Basic relations	8
1.5.2	Types	10
1.5.3	Arrays	11
1.5.4	Matching the detector with the optics	12
1.6	References	13
Chapter 2.	Optics Fundamentals	15
2.1	Lens Equation	15
2.2	Stops and Pupils	15
2.3	Optical Formulas	17
2.4	Optical Performance Criteria	18
2.5	Telescopes	19
2.6	Primary Aberrations	20
2.6.1	Definition of the Seidel aberrations	20
2.6.2	Variation of primary aberrations with aperture and field height	22
2.6.3	Stop shift equations	22
2.7	Achromatism	23
2.7.1	Primary achromatism	23
2.7.2	Secondary spectrum	24
2.8	References	24
Chapter 3.	Unique Features of the Infrared Region	25
3.1	Optical Materials	25
3.1.1	Materials for the infrared	25
3.1.2	Calculation of index of refraction	27
3.2	Thermal Compensation	28
3.2.1	Focus shift with temperature	28
3.2.2	Athermalization	28
3.2.3	Athermalization methods	29
3.3	Cold Stop and Cold Shield	30
3.4	Narcissus	30
3.4.1	Types of retroreflections	30
3.4.2	Reduction techniques	31
3.5	References	32
Chapter 4.	Optical Design Techniques	33
4.1	The Optical Design Starting Point	33
4.2	Scaling	33
4.3	Optical Materials Selection	34
4.4	Techniques for Compactness	35
4.5	Symmetry Principle	35
4.6	Bending	36
4.7	Aplanatic Condition	36
4.8	Adding an Element	37
4.9	Field Lens Utilization	37
4.10	Conics and Aspheres	38
4.11	Diffractive Surfaces	39
4.12	Aperture Stop Location	39
4.13	Computer Optimization	39
4.14	Tolerances	40
4.15	References	40
Chapter 5.	Zoom Lenses	43
5.1	Types of Zoom Lenses	43
5.1.1	Optically compensated zoom lens	43
5.1.2	Mechanically compensated zoom lens	46
5.2	Infrared Zoom Lens Specifications	48
5.2.1	Spectral region	48
5.2.2	Optical system performance	49
5.2.3	Aperture	49
5.2.4	Effective focal length	49
5.2.5	Magnification range	49
5.2.6	Size constraints	49
5.2.7	Operating environment	49
5.2.8	Distortion	50
5.2.9	Transmission	50
5.2.10	Narcissus	50
5.2.11	Vignetting	50
5.3	References	50
Chapter 6.	Refractive Infrared Zoom Lenses	51
6.1	Target Simulators	51
6.1.1	CI Systems	52
6.1.2	Hughes Aircraft Company	52
6.1.3	Lockheed Martin	57
6.2	Scanning Systems	60
6.2.1	Barr & Stroud	61
6.2.2	Pilkington P.E.	63
6.2.3	Optics 1	66
6.2.4	Precision-Optical Engineering	68
6.2.5	Zhejiang University, Dept. of Optical Engineering	69
6.2.6	Electrooptical Industries Ltd	71
6.2.7	Scotoptix	73
6.2.7.1	Boresighted zoom lens	73
6.2.7.2	Athermalized zoom lens	73
6.2.7.3	Optically compensated zoom lens	78
6.2.8	Optimum Optical Systems	78
6.3	CCD Imaging Systems	80
6.3.1	Angenieux	80
6.4	Laser Beam Expanders	81
6.4.1	Carl Zeiss	81
6.5	Diffractive Optics	81
6.5.1	Optics 1	85
6.5.2	Optical E.T.C. and Teledyne Brown	85
6.5.3	Wescam	90
6.5.4	Texas Instruments	92
6.6	References	94
Chapter 7.	Reflective Infrared Zoom Systems	97
7.1	Obscured Systems	97
7.1.1	Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology	97
7.1.2	Center for Applied Optics, University of Alabama in Huntsville	98
7.2	Unobscured Systems	99
7.2.1	Hughes Aircraft Company	99
7.2.2	Optical E.T.C.	101
7.3	References	103
Chapter 8.	Future Trends	105
8.1	Athermalization	105
8.2	Diffractive Optical Elements	105
8.3	Conics and Aspherics	105
8.4	Materials	105
8.5	Detector Technology	106
8.6	Simulators	106
8.7	Mirror Systems	106
8.8	Wavelength Region	106
8.9	Optomechanical Considerations	106
8.10	Computer Optimization	107
8.11	References	107
Appendix 1.	Miscellaneous Patents	109
Appendix 2.	Computer Analysis of Selected Patents	135
	Index	139