Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry Book

	About the Author	xi
1	Introduction
1.1	History	2
1.2	Overview	3
2	Atomic Structure
2.1	Bohr Model	8
2.2	Isotopes	10
2.3	Ionization	11
3	Inductively Coupled Plasmas
3.1	Plasma Formation	16
3.1.1	Generators	17
	Crystal-Controlled Oscillator	17
	Free-Running Oscillator	18
	Solid-State Generators	19
3.1.2	Load Coils	20
3.1.3	Torches	20
3.2	Plasma Configuration	23
4	Instrumentation
4.1	Interface	30
4.2	Ion Lenses	31
4.3	Mass Spectrometers	34
4.3.1	Quadrupole Mass Analyzer	34
	Scanning	36
	Peak Hopping	38
	Resolution	38
	Abundance Sensitivity	39
4.3.2	Magnetic Sector Mass Analyzer	40
	Single Focusing	40
	Double Focusing	41
4.3.3	Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer	44
4.3.4	Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometer	46
4.4	Detectors	47
4.4.1	Continuous Dynode Electron Multiplier	47
4.4.2	Discrete Dynode Electron Multiplier	49
4.4.3	Faraday Cup	50
5	Sample Introduction
5.1	Gaseous Samples	55
5.1.1	Vapor Generation	56
	Hydride Generation	56
	Osmium Tetroxide Vapor	58
	Cold-Vapor Mercury	60
5.1.2	Chromatography	60
	Vapor Phase Chromatography	60
	Supercritical Fluid Chromatography	62
5.2	Liquid Samples	62
5.2.1	Nebulizers	63
	Spray Chamber	64
	Pneumatic Nebulizer	67
	Ultrasonic Nebulizer	73
5.2.2	Electrothermal Vaporizers	76
5.3	Solid Samples	79
5.3.1	Ablation Methods	81
	Laser Ablation	81
	Spark Ablation	85
5.3.2	Slurry Nebulization	87
5.3.3	Direct Insertion	88
6	Special Techniques
6.1	Flow Injection	91
6.2	Chromatography	95
6.2.1	Liquid Chromatography	95
6.2.2	Ion-Exchange Chromatography	97
6.3	Field Flow Fractionation	98
7	Quantitation Techniques
7.1	Qualitative Analysis	104
7.2	Semiquantitative Analysis	106
7.3	Quantitative Analysis	108
7.3.1	Direct Calibration	109
	Calibration Curves	109
	Internal Standardization	112
7.3.2	Standard Addition	115
7.3.3	Isotope Dilution	117
7.3.4	Quantitation Strategy	122
8	Interferences
8.1	Spectrometric Effects	126
8.1.1	Isobaric Spectral Overlap	126
8.1.2	Polyatomic Molecular Spectral Overlap	128
	Polyatomic Molecules from Plasma Gas Components	129
	Molecular Oxides	129
	Sample Matrix/Acid Components	131
	Reaction/Collision Cells	134
8.1.3	Doubly Charged Ions	136
8.1.4	Background	136
8.2	Nonspectrometric Effects	137
8.2.1	Matrix Effects	137
8.2.2	Physical Effects	139
9	Optimization
9.1	Parameter Optimization	144
9.2	"Cold Plasma" Operating Conditions	147
10	Figures of Merit
10.1	Sensitivity	150
10.2	Detection Limits	151
10.3	Precision	155
10.4	Accuracy	157
	References	161
Appendix 1	Table of Elements with Atomic Number, Weights, and First and Second Ionization Potentials	163
Appendix 2	Isotopic Composition of the Elements	167
Appendix 3	Prominent Polyatomic Interferences Applicable for ICP-MS Determinations	175
Appendix 4	Table of Student's t Distribution	179
Appendix 5	Certified Standard Reference Materials Available from the U.S. NIST and the NRC of Canada	181
Appendix 6	Supplemental References	187
	Index	289