Imaging in Paediatric Urology Book

1	Clinical Aspects of Paediatric Urology	1
1.1	Embryology	1
1.2	Anomalies of the Upper Urinary Tract	6
1.3	Anomalies of the Lower Urinary Tract	20
1.4	Prune-belly Syndrome	28
1.5	Urinary Tract Infections	30
1.6	Urolithiasis	34
1.7	Vesico-ureteral Reflux	40
1.8	Megaureter	48
1.9	Obstructive Uropathy	51
1.10	Paediatric Oncology	57
2	Diagnostic Procedures in Paediatric Uroradiology	69
2.1	Introduction	69
2.2	Ultrasonography	69
2.3	Voiding Cysto-urethrography	76
2.4	Intravenous Urography	78
2.5	Computer Tomography	79
2.6	Magnetic Resonance Imaging	81
2.7	Conclusions	82
3	Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Therapy in Paediatric Urology	89
3.1	Radiopharmaceuticals for Dynamic Renal Scintigraphy	89
3.2	Radiopharmaceuticals for Static Renal Scintigraphy	90
3.3	Dose Schedules and Radiation Burden	91
3.4	Renal Imaging	91
3.5	Renal Clearance	95
3.6	Diuresis Scintigraphy	96
3.7	Renal Cortical Scintigraphy	103
3.8	Radionuclide Cystography	108
3.9	Meta-iodobenzylguanidine in Neuroblastoma	112
4	Case Reports	123
Case 1	Bilateral Renal Hypoplasia	124
Case 2	Unilateral Renal Agenesis Combined with VUR on the Contralateral Side	126
Case 3	Pancake Kidney	129
Case 4	Unilateral Renal Dysplasia with Contralateral Subpelvic Obstruction	130
Case 5	Horseshoe Kidney and Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections	134
Case 6	Horseshoe Kidney with a Megaureter on the Right Side	136
Case 7	Upper Urinary Tract Infection Combined with Reversible Renal Lesions Seen on [superscript 99m]TC-DMSA Scan and Ectopic Position of One Kidney	140
Case 8	Renal Damage Following Multifocal Pyelonephritis	143
Case 9	Subpelvic Obstruction During Early Childhood	147
Case 10	Recurrent Renal Colics Caused by an Extrinsic Subpelvic Stenosis	152
Case 11	Dilatation of the Renal Pelvis Without Obstruction	156
Case 12	Prenatally Diagnosed Unilateral Dilation of the Renal Pelvis	159
Case 13	Intermittent Colics with Macrohaematuria Due to Extrinsic Subpelvic Stenosis	163
Case 14	Prune Belly Syndrome (Unilateral Manifestation)	167
Case 15	Obstructive Megaureter	171
Case 16	Congenital Bilateral Megaureter	176
Case 17	Incontinence Caused by an Ectopic Ureter	181
Case 18	Bilateral Single Ectopic Ureter	183
Case 19	Duplex System with Ectopic and Obstructive Megaureter	187
Case 20	Renal Duplication with Dysplastic Upper Pole and Ureterocele	190
Case 21	Bilateral Renal Duplication and VUR	194
Case 22	Duplex-System with Dysplastic-Lower Pole and Reflux Nephropathy	196
Case 23	Dysplastic Kidney with Severe VUR	200
Case 24	Reflux Nephropathy After Two Episodes of Pyelonephritis Caused by Secondary Reflux and a Meatal Stenosis	202
Case 25	High-grade Bilateral VUR and Reflux Nephropathy	206
Case 26	Functional Disturbance of Micturition with Secondary Bilateral VUR	209
Case 27	Left-sided Dysplastic Multicystic Kidney and Testicular Dysplasia Combined with Contralateral High-grade VUR	212
Case 28	Polycystic Kidney (Autosomal Dominant Type)	214
Case 29	Tuberous Sclerosis - Cystic Renal Disease	216
Case 30	Urethral Valve - Severe Secondary Reflux	217
Case 31	Terminal Renal Insufficiency Due to Obstructive Uropathy Caused by a Urethral Valve: Renal Transplantation at 2 1/2 Years of Age	221
Case 32	Bladder Exstrophy and Uretero-enterostomy (Mainz Pouch II)	223
Case 33	Neonatal Renal Vein Thrombosis	228
Case 34	Nephrolithiasis, Cystinuria	231
Case 35	Hereditary Nephrolithiasis Due to Hyperresorptive Hypercalciuria	235
Case 36	Renal Bruise on the Right Side	237
Case 37	Wilms' Tumour - Aniridia Syndrome with Deletion of 11p12	239
Case 38	Neuroblastoma	241
	Subject Index	245