Hydrodynamics of Gas-Liquid Reactors: Normal Operation and Upset Conditions Book

List of Figures.

List of Tables.

Preface.

Nomenclature.

1. Introduction.

Part One.

2. Bubble Columns.

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 Types of Bubble Columns.

2.3 Introduction of Gas.

2.3.1 Methodology of Gas Injection.

2.3.2 Bubble Formation and Size Change.

2.3.3 Bubble Movement.

2.3.3.1 Bubble Shape.

2.3.3.2 Bubble Motion.

2.3.3.3 Bubble Velocity.

2.3.3.4 Effect of Multiple Bubbles.

2.3.4 Void Fraction Prediction.

2.3.5 Detailed Behaviour of the Flow.

2.3.6 Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer.

2.3.7 Design of Gas Introduction Arrangement.

2.3.8 Worked Example.

2.4 Disengagement of Liquid from Gas.

2.4.1 Mechanisms of Drop Formation.

2.4.2 Drop Capture.

2.4.3 Wave Plate Mist Eliminators.

2.4.4 Mesh Mist Eliminators.

3. Sparged Stirred Vessels.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Flow Regimes.

3.3 Variations.

3.4 Spargers.

3.5 Impellers.

3.5.1 Disc Turbines.

3.5.2 Pitched Blade Turbines.

3.5.3 Hydrofoil Impellers.

3.5.4 Multiple Impellers.

3.6 Baffles.

3.7 Power Requirements.

3.7.1 Single Impellers.

3.7.2 Multiple Impellers.

3.7.3 Single-Phase Power.

3.8 Gas Fraction.

3.9 Mass Transfer.

3.9.1 Bubble Size.

3.9.2 Interfacial Area.

3.9.3 Mass Transfer.

3.10 Mixing Times.

4. Thin Film Reactors.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Falling Film Reactors.

4.2.1 Film Thickness.

4.2.2 Interfacial Waves.

4.2.3 Heat and Mass Transfer.

4.3 Rotating Disc Reactors.

4.3.1 Film Thickness.

4.3.2 Interfacial Waves.

4.3.3 Mass Transfer.

4.4 Two-Phase Tubular Reactors.

4.5 Monolith Reactors.

4.5.1 Micro-Channels.

4.5.2 Flow Phenomena in Micro-Channels.

4.5.3 Numerical Modelling.

5. Macroscale Modelling.

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Eulerian Multiphase Flow Model.

5.2.1 Definition.

5.2.2 Transport Equations.

5.2.2.1 Continuity Equation.

5.2.2.2 Momentum Equation.

5.2.2.3 Energy Equation.

5.2.3 Interfacial Forces.

5.2.3.1 Drag Force.

5.2.3.2 Lift Force.

5.2.3.3 Virtual Mass Force.

5.2.3.4 Turbulent Drag Force.

5.2.3.5 Basset Force.

5.2.3.6 Wall Lubrication Force.

5.2.4 Turbulence Models.

5.2.5 Case Study – Cylindrical Bubble Column.

5.2.6 Homogenous and Mixture Modelling.

5.2.6.1 General Formulation.

5.2.6.2 Mixture Model.

5.3 Poly-Dispersed Flows.

5.3.1 Methods of Moments.

5.3.1.1 Breakup Model.

5.3.1.2 Coalescence Model.

5.3.2 Case Study – Hibiki's Bubble Column.

5.3.2.1 Numerical Solution Method.

5.3.2.2 Results and Discussion.

5.3.2.3 Summary of Case Study.

5.4 Gassed Stirred Vessels.

5.4.1 Impeller Model.

5.4.2 Multiple Reference Frame.

5.4.3 Multiple Impellers.

5.5 Summary.

6. Mesoscale Modelling Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Lattice Boltzmann Method and the Advantages.

6.3 Numerical Simulation of Single-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer.

6.3.1 LBM Model.

6.3.2 Treatment for a Curved Boundary.

6.3.3 Numerical Simulation and Results.

6.4 Numerical Simulation of Two-Phase Flow.

6.4.1 Two-Phase Lattice Boltzmann Model.

6.4.2 Vortices Merging in a Two-Phase Spatially Growing Mixing Layer.

6.4.3 Viscous Fingering Phenomena of Immiscible Two-Fluid Displacement.

6.4.4 Bubbles/Drops Flow Behaviour.

6.4.4.1 LBM Method.

6.4.4.2 Correction of Pressure.

6.4.4.3 Boundary Treatment.

6.4.4.4 Results of Two Rising Bubbles Coalescence.

6.4.4.5 Results of Droplet Spreading on Partial Wetting Surface.

Part Two.

7. Upset Conditions.

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Active Relief Methods.

7.3 Passive Relief Methods.

8. Behaviour of Vessel Contents and Outflow Calculations.

8.1 Introduction.

8.1.1 Physics of Venting Processes.

8.1.2 Typical Reactions.

8.1.3 Trends and Observations.

8.1.4 Summary of Observations and Measurements of the Level Swell Process.

8.2 Modelling of the Level Swell Process.

8.3 Vent Sizing and Vent Performance Calculations.

8.4 Computer Codes for Level Swell and Venting Calculations.

8.5 Obtaining Necessary Data.

8.6 Performance of Models and Codes.

9. Choked Flow.

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Single-Phase Flow.

9.3 Two-Phase Flow.

9.4 Effect of Vent Pipework.

Part Three.

10. Measurement Techniques.

10.1 Bubble Columns.

10.1.1 Gas Hold-Up.

10.1.2 Local Probes: Conductance or Refraction Index.

10.1.2.1 Gas Fraction.

10.1.2.2 Bubble Size and Velocity.

10.1.3 Wire Mesh Sensors.

10.1.4 Photographic Techniques.

10.1.5 Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA).

10.1.6 Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV).

10.1.7 Electrical Tomography Methods (ECT and ERT).

10.1.8 c and X-Ray Tomography.

10.1.9 CARPT and PEPT.

10.1.10 Acoustic Methods.

10.1.11 Mass Transfer Coefficient.

10.2 Sparged Stirred Tanks.

10.2.1 Power Draw.

10.2.1.1 Strain Gauges.

10.2.1.2 Measurement of Motor Power.

10.2.1.3 Modified Rheometer Method.

10.2.2 Velocity Field.

10.2.3 Void Fraction.

10.2.4 Mixing Time.

10.2.5 Mass Transfer Coefficient.

10.3 Falling Film Reactors.

10.3.1 Film Thickness.

10.3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer.

Questions.

References.

Index.