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Prologue xvii
Acknowledgments xxiii
Communication Principles
The Process of Human Communication 2
Definitions of Communication 3
Types of Communication 4
Accidental Communication 4
Expressive Communication 5
Rhetorical Communication 6
Clarifying the Definition of Communication 7
Critical Components of Human Communication 8
The Source 8
The Receiver 9
The Message 10
The Channels 10
Feedback 11
Goals 11
Context 13
Models of Communication 16
The Rhetorical Communication Model 16
The Interpersonal Communication Model 17
Thinking about Communication 19
Ten Common Misconceptions 19
Meanings Are in Words 19
Communication Is a Is a Verbal Process 20
Telling Is Communicating 21
Communication Will Solve All Our Problems 21
Communication Is a Good Thing 22
The More Communication, the Better 23
Communication Can BreakDown 23
Communication Is a Natural Ability 24
Interpersonal Communication = Intimate Communication 24
Communication Competence = Communication Effectiveness 26
Interpersonal Perceptions and Realities 30
Perceiving Sources 32
Source Credibility 32
Interpersonal Attraction 34
Homophily 36
Other Perceptions of Sources 38
Extraversion (Dynamism) 39
Composure (Neuroticism) 39
Sociability (Psychoticism) 39
Personality and Temperament in Communication 40
Personality Traits and Communication Behavior 41
The Role of Biology in Human Communication 43
Personality Variables in Communication 45
Adventurousness 45
Authoritarianism 46
Dogmatism 46
Emotional Maturity 46
General Anxiety 46
Locus of Control 47
Machiavellianism 47
Self-Control 48
Self-Esteem 48
Tolerance for Ambiguity 49
Argumentativeness 49
Verbal Aggression 50
Exhilaratability 50
Communication Approach and Avoidance Traits 54
Defining and Distinguishing among Communication Traits 56
Shyness 56
Willingness to Communicate 56
Communication Apprehension 56
Self-Perceived Communication Competence 57
Compulsive Communication 57
Shyness 57
Willingness to Communicate (WTC) 59
Genetic Factors 60
Childhood Reinforcement 60
Skill Deficiencies 61
Social Introversion 62
Social Alienation 62
Ethnic or Cultural Divergence 63
Communication Apprehension (CA) 64
Interpreting Personal Report of Communication Apprehension-24 (PRCA) Scores 64
Communication Apprehension as a Trait 65
Communication Apprehension in Generalized Contexts 66
Communication Apprehension with a Given Individual or Group across Contexts 68
Communication Apprehension with a Given Individual or Group in a Given Situation 68
Causes of Trait Communication Apprehension 69
Causes of Situational Communication Apprehension 69
Effects of Communication Apprehension 71
Effects of Shyness and WTC 72
Perceptions of Quiet People 75
Compulsive Communication (Talkaholics) 75
Communication Competence and Self-Perceived Communication Competence (SPCC) 77
Assertiveness 78
Responsiveness 79
Versatility 80
Competence and Androgyny 82
Competence and Context 83
Messages and Meanings 86
Distinctions between Verbal and Nonverbal Messages 88
Relationships between Verbal and Nonverbal Messages 89
Functions of Nonverbal Messages 90
Accenting 90
Complementing 90
Contradicting 90
Repeating 91
Regulating 91
Substituting 91
Nonverbal Messages 92
Body Movements and Gestures 92
Physical Appearance and Attractiveness 95
Dress and Artifacts 96
Facial Expressions and Eye Behavior 97
Use of the Voice 98
Territory and Personal Space 99
Touch 101
Environmental Factors 102
Smell 104
Time 105
Messages and Relationships 110
Immediacy 111
Verbal Immediacy 111
Nonverbal Immediacy 112
Outcomes of Immediacy 116
Intimacy 117
Self-Disclosure 117
Sexual Relations 119
Status 120
Eye Contact 121
Kinesic Behaviors 121
Vocal Behavior 121
Use of Space and Touch 122
Use of Time 122
Dress 122
Selectivity and Attribution 124
Selectivity Processes 125
Selective Exposure 126
Selective Attention 128
Selective Perception 129
Selective Retention 132
Selective Recall 134
Causal Attribution 134
Causal Attribution Defined 134
Attribution Sources 135
Attribution Conditions 135
Basic Attribution Error 137
Understanding and Influencing Attitudes and Behaviors 140
The Nature of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values 141
Attitudes 142
Beliefs 143
Values 145
Dimensions of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values 146
Direction 146
Intensity 147
Salience 148
Development of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values 149
Changes in Attitudes 151
Consistency Theory 152
Restoring Consistency 154
Power and Influence 158
Levels of Influence 159
Compliance 159
Identification 161
Internalization 161
Power 162
Assigned Power 162
Coercive Power 163
Reward Power 164
Referent Power 165
Expert Power 165
Communication and Interpersonal Influence 165
Behavior Alteration Techniques (BAT) 166
Reward BATs 166
Punishment BATs 170
Relational BATs 171
Referent BATs 172
Assigned or Legitimate BATs 172
Moral Responsibility BATs 173
Expert BATs 174
Communication in Applied Contexts
Public Speaking 178
Nature of Public Speaking 180
Gaining Perspective 181
The Basic Skills 182
Topic Selection 183
Organizing the Speech 184
Introducing the Speech 187
Concluding the Speech 188
Delivering the Speech 188
Handling Questions 191
Effective Listening 192
Developing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships 198
The Nature of Interpersonal Relationships 200
Characteristics of Relationships 200
Stages of Relationship Development 204
Coming Together 204
Coming Apart 206
Relational Expectancies 208
Short-Term Expectancies 208
Long-Term Expectancies 211
Gaining Affinity: Getting Others to Like You 214
Managing Interpersonal Conflict 220
The Nature of Conflict 221
Tolerance for Disagreement 221
Conflict Management Techniques 224
Preventing Conflict 228
Intercultural Communication 232
The Nature of Culture 234
The Cultural Context of Communication 237
Intracultural Communication 238
Intercultural Communication 238
Cross-Cultural Communication 238
International Communication 238
Interethnic Communication 239
Interracial Communication 239
Cultural Communication Apprehension 239
Ethnocentrism 240
Favorable Aspects of Ethnocentrism 241
Unfavorable Aspects of Ethnocentrism 241
Coping with Ethnocentrism-Yours and Mine 247
Equality 247
Sensitivity 248
Indifference 248
Avoidance 248
Disparagement 248
Improving Intercultural Communication 249
Biological Sex and Gender in Communication 254
Biological Differences between Males and Females 257
The Development of Sex Roles 259
Psychological Gender Orientation 261
Sex Differences in Verbal Communication 265
Self-Disclosure 265
Language Use 265
Subject Matter 266
Sex Differences in Nonverbal Communication 267
Eye Behavior and Facial Expressions 267
Posture and Gestures 268
Personal Space 268
Touching Behavior 268
Gender and Interpersonal Relationships 269
Friendships between Females 270
Friendships between Males 270
Intimate Female-Male Relationships 271
Health Communication 278
What Is Health Communication? 279
Model of Health Communication 280
Patient Communication 283
The Effects of Patient Perception 283
Problems with Patient-Physician Communication 286
Gender and Health Communication 288
Communication Skills for Patients 288
Physician Communication 292
Medical Interview 293
Communication Variables and Physician Communication 297
Mediated Communication 302
Evolution of Human Communication 303
Early Development of Mediated Communication 304
History of Writing 304
History of Technology 306
Viewing Communication Multidimensionally 307
Media and Dyadic Communication 308
Media and Group Communication 309
Mediated Public Communication 310
The Switch to Interaction 311
Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) 311
Future Considerations 317
Distance Education 317
Telecommuting 318
Organizational Communication 320
Individual Differences in Organizations 322
Organizational Orientations 322
Sociocommunicative Orientations/Styles 325
Immediacy 325
Communication Apprehension and Talkaholism 325
Affinity Seeking 326
Perceptions of People in Organizations 328
Attraction 328
Homophily 329
Source Credibility 330
Management Communication Styles 331
Tell 332
Sell 332
Consult 333
Join 333
Research and Management Communication Style 334
Power and Influence in Organizations 334
Work Teams in Organizations 334
Instructional Communication 342
Student Communication 344
Types of Learning 345
Anxiety in the Classroom 347
Student Motivation 349
Teacher Communication 350
Communicator Clarity 350
Immediacy Behaviors in the Classroom 352
Humor in the Classroom 354
Teacher Misbehaviors in the Classroom 355
Scales for the Measurement of Communication Phenomena 363
Glossary 420
Index 427
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