Heat Transfer in Process Engineering Book

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2 Heat Transfer Fundamentals 3

2-1 Concept of Unit Operations 3

2-2 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics 3

2-3 Temperature and Internal Energy 5

2-4 Continuous and Steady-State Systems 5

2-5 Formulation of the First Law for Continuous Systems 6

2-6 Thermodynamic Variables 8

2-7 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 9

Glossary 13

Chapter 3 Heat Conduction in Solids 15

3-1 General Equation of Conduction in Solids 15

3-2 Heat Conduction Through a Wall 16

3-3 Steady-State Conduction Heat Transfer in Multidimensional Systems 26

3-4 Thermal Insulation 28

Glossary 34

References 34

Chapter 4 Convection 35

4-1 Forced Convection Over a Flat Plate 35

4-2 Forced Convection Inside Tubes 44

4-3 Forced Convection Around Submerged Objects 60

4-4 Natural Convection 66

Glossary 76

References 77

Chapter 5 Fundamentals of Heat Transfer Between Fluids 79

5-1 The Enthalpy Balance 79

5-2 Heat Transfer Area and Heat Transfer Coefficient 81

5-3 Expression of the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient as a Function of the Film Coefficients 82

5-4 Mean Temperature Difference Between Two Fluids 86

5-5 Calculation of the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient and Pressure Drop for Double-Tube Heat Exchangers 94

5-6 Heat Exchanger Process Specifications 98

5-7 Design Procedure for a Double-Tube Heat Exchanger 102

Glossary 111

References 113

Chapter 6 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 115

6-1 Design and Construction Standards 115

6-2 Principal Components of a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger 116

6-3 Baffles 117

6-4 Tubes and Tube Distribution 122

6-5 Tubes to Tubesheets Joint 124

6-6 Multipass Heat Exchangers 127

6-7 HeatExchangers with Multiple Shell Passes 129

6-8 Front Heads (Inlet Heads) 132

6-9 Fixed-Tubesheet and Removable-Bundle Heat Exchangers 133

6-10 Tube Vibration 141

6-11 Specification Sheet 145

6-12 Design and Construction of Heat Exchangers 145

References 146

Chapter 7 Thermal Design of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 147

7-1 Basic Principles 147

7-2 LMTD Correction Factors for Other Flow Configurations 151

7-3 Basic Design Parameters of a Heat Exchanger 157

7-4 Convection Film Coefficient and Pressure Drop in the Tube Side 160

7-5 Heat Transfer Coefficient and Pressure Drop at the Shell Side 164

7-6 Design and Rating of Heat Exchangers 193

7-7 Heat Exchanger Effectiveness 205

Glossary 213

Glossary of the Heat Exchanger Geometry 214

References 215

Chapter 8 Finned Tubes 217

8-1 Double-Tube Heat Exchangers with Longitudinal Fins 217

8-2 Air Coolers 231

Glossary 251

References 253

Chapter 9 Plate Heat Exchangers 255

9-1 Operating Principles and General Description 255

9-2 Series-Parallel Combination 258

9-3 Components of a Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger 260

9-4 Use and Limitations of Gasketed Plate Heat Exchangers 264

9-5 Welded and Semiwelded Plate Heat Exchangers 265

9-6 Plate Heat Exchangers versus Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 265

9-7 Typical Heat Transfer Coefficients 266

9-8 Heat Transfer and Pressure-Drop Correlations for Plate Heat Exchangers 267

9-9 LMTD Correction Factor 269

9-10 Fouling Resistances 269

9-11 Number of Transfer Units and Specific Pressure Drop 272

Glossary 273

References 274

Chapter 10 Condensation of Vapors 275

10-1 Mechanisms of Condensation 275

10-2 Condensation of Single-Component Vapors 277

10-3 Single-Component Vapors Condensers 292

10-4 Desuperheater Condensers 303

10-5 Condensation of Vapor Mixtures 309

10-6 The Use of Steam as Process Heating Medium 318

Glossary 327

References 329

Chapter 11 Boiling 331

11-1 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer to Boiling Liquids 331

11-2 Pool Boiling 345

11-3 Flow Boiling in Tubes 352

11-4 Reboilers 367

Glossary 392

References 394

Chapter 12 Thermal Radiation 395

12-1 Heat Transfer by Radiation Through Transparent Media 395

12-2 Radiant Heat Transmission in Absorbing Media 426

Glossary 438

References 438

Chapter 13 Process Fired Heaters 439

13-1 Simplified Schematic 439

13-2 Combustion 439

13-3 Applications of Fired Heaters 446

13-4 Heater Types 448

13-5 Heater Components 452

13-6 Elements for the Design and Verification of the Capacity of a Fired Heater 458

Glossary 482

References 483

Appendix A Distillation 485

Control Scheme 487

Total and Partial Condenser 488

Simulation of Distillation Columns 488

Phase Equilibrium in a Multicomponent System 489

Mass and Energy Balances 490

Condensation and Boiling Curves 492

Appendix B LMTD Correction Factors for E-Shell Heat Exchangers 495

Appendix C LMTD Correction Factors for Air Coolers 501

Appendix D Tube Count Tables 505

Appendix E Tube Layout 509

Appendix F Fouling Factors 523

Appendix G Typical Heat Transfer Coefficients 527

Appendix H Dimensions of Tubes According to BWG Standard 529

Appendix I Physical Properties of Pure Substances 531

Appendix J Heat Exchanger Data Sheet 547

Appendix K Unit Conversions 551

Index 555