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About the Authors | xiii | |
Acknowledgments | xvii | |
Introduction | 1 | |
Chapter I | Dispute Settlement Proceedings Concerning the Rules Agreements | 11 |
A. | Summary of Dispute Settlement Provisions in the DSU and Rules Agreements | 12 |
1. | Timeline for Panel/Appellate Body Review | 12 |
2. | Dispute Settlement Provisions Governing Review of Rules Dispute | 18 |
a. | DSU Dispute Settlement Provisions Governing Rules Agreements | 18 |
b. | Rules Agreement Provisions Referencing the DSU and/or GATT Dispute Settlement Provisions | 20 |
B. | Review of Consultations | 22 |
C. | Executive Summary of Early Lessons in Rules Disputes | 25 |
1. | General Issues Addressed in Rules Disputes | 25 |
a. | Article 17.4 of the Antidumping Agreement | 25 |
b. | DSU Article 3.8 | 25 |
c. | Article 17.6 of the Antidumping Agreement | 26 |
d. | DSU Article 11 | 27 |
e. | DSU Article 13.1 | 29 |
2. | Issues Addressed in SCM Agreement Disputes | 29 |
a. | Article 1 of the SCM Agreement | 29 |
b. | Article 3.1 of the SCM Agreement | 31 |
c. | Article 27 of the SCM Agreement | 31 |
d. | Article 4.7 of the SCM Agreement | 32 |
3. | Issues Addressed in Antidumping Agreement Disputes | 33 |
a. | Article 5 of the Antidumping Agreement | 33 |
b. | Article 2 of the Antidumping Agreement | 34 |
c. | Article 3 of the Antidumping Agreement | 35 |
d. | Article 6 of the Antidumping Agreement | 36 |
e. | Article 11 of the Antidumping Agreement | 36 |
f. | Specific Action Against Dumping | 36 |
4. | Issues Addressed in Safeguards Agreement Disputes | 37 |
a. | Article XIX of GATT 1994 | 37 |
b. | Article 2.2 of the Safeguards Agreement | 37 |
c. | Article 4.1 of the Safeguards Agreement | 38 |
d. | Articles 2.1 and 4.2 of the Safeguards Agreement | 38 |
D. | General Issues Addressed in Rules Disputes | 39 |
1. | Burden of Proof | 40 |
a. | Brazil--Aircraft | 42 |
b. | Korea--Dairy | 43 |
c. | Indonesia--Auto Industry | 43 |
d. | Thailand--H-Beams | 44 |
e. | Presumption of Nullification or Impairment | 44 |
f. | Rebutting the Presumption of Nullification or Impairment | 47 |
2. | Standard and Scope of Review | 48 |
a. | Article 17.6 of the Antidumping Agreement | 48 |
b. | DSU Articles 11 and 17.6 | 53 |
c. | Applicability of WTO Agreements | 59 |
d. | Judicial Restraint | 66 |
e. | Review of Mandatory Requirements | 68 |
f. | Judicial Economy | 73 |
g. | Ex Post Justification | 77 |
3. | Treaty Interpretation | 78 |
a. | Interpretation of Treaty Terms | 78 |
b. | General Principles of International Law | 84 |
c. | Interpretation of Domestic Laws | 85 |
4. | Consideration of Facts Pursuant to Article 17.5(ii) of the Antidumping Agreement | 88 |
5. | Panel Fact-Finding Pursuant to DSU Article 13 and Treatment of Confidential Information | 90 |
6. | Adverse Inferences for Failure to Supply Information Requested in Panel Proceedings | 94 |
7. | Panel Composition | 96 |
8. | Participation in Panel Proceedings | 97 |
a. | Private Lawyers as Members of Delegation | 98 |
b. | Participation by Observers | 98 |
c. | Enhanced Third Party Rights | 99 |
d. | Amici Curiae Briefs | 100 |
9. | Exhaustion at the Panel Level | 102 |
10. | Request for Termination of Panel | 105 |
11. | Jurisdictional Issues Raised by the Scope of Requests for Consultations, Requests for Establishment, and the Panel's Terms of Reference | 106 |
a. | United States--Stainless Steel (December 2000): Terms of Reference in Antidumping Case | 118 |
b. | United States--Lamb Meat (December 2000): Specificity of Request Reference for Establishment and Terms of in Safeguards Case | 119 |
c. | EC--Bed Linen (October 2000); Specificity of Request for Establishment in Antidumping Case | 122 |
d. | Thailand--H-Beams (September 12000): Specificity of Request for Establishment in Antidumping Case | 125 |
e. | United States--Wheat Gluten (July 2000): Specificity of Request for Establishment in Safeguards Case | 129 |
f. | United States--AD Act (Japan) (May 2000): Specificity of Request for Establishment in Antidumping Case | 129 |
g. | United States--AD Act (EC) (March 2000): Post Request for Establishment Reference to Treaty Provisions in Antidumping Case | 133 |
h. | Mexico--HFCS (January 2000): Request for Establishment and Terms of Reference in Antidumping Case | 134 |
i. | United States--Tax (October 1999): Request for Consultations and Terms of Reference in Subsidies Case | 138 |
j. | Argentina--Footwear (June 1999): Effect of Post-Request for Establishment Modification of Measure on Terms of Reference in Safeguards Case | 141 |
k. | Korea--Dairy (June 1999): Specificity of Request for Establishment in Safeguards Case | 143 |
l. | Australia--Leather (May 1999): Specificity of Requests for Consultations and Establishment in Subsidies Case | 145 |
m. | Canada--Aircraft (April 1999): Specificity of Requests for Consultations and Establishment in Subsidies Case | 147 |
n. | Brazil--Aircraft (April 1999): Post-Consultation Modification of Measure in Subsidies Case | 148 |
o. | Indonesia--Auto Industry (July 1998): Termination of Measures and Terms of Reference in Subsidies Case | 150 |
p. | Guatemala--Cement 1 (June 1998): Specificity of Request for Establishment in Antidumping Case | 151 |
q. | Brazil--Coconut (October 1996): Terms of Reference in Subsidies Case | 153 |
E. | Agreement-Specific Issues Addressed in Rules Dispute | 155 |
1. | SCM Agreement Issues | 162 |
a. | Interpretation of "Financial Contribution" Under Article 1.1(a) of the SCM Agreement | 173 |
b. | Interpretation of "Benefit" Under Article 1.1(b) of the SCM Agreement | 183 |
c. | Determination of Prima Facie Case of Subsidy Under Article 1 of the SCM Agreement | 190 |
d. | Determination of Export Subsidy Under Article 3.1(a) of the SCM Agreement | 194 |
e. | Determination of Prohibited Import Substitution Subsidy Under Article 3.1(b) of the SCM Agreement | 203 |
f. | Determination of Serious Prejudice Under Article 6 of the SCM Agreement | 206 |
g. | The Prohibition Against Countervailing Duties "In Excess" of the Amount of Subsidy Under Article 10 of the SCM Agreement | 212 |
h. | Calculation of the Amount of Subsidy Pursuant to Article 14 of The SCM Agreement | 212 |
i. | Claims Under Article 27.4 of the SCM Agreement on Developing Countries | 213 |
j. | Subsidies Linked to Privatization Programs Under Article 27.13 of the SCM Agreement | 218 |
k. | Claims Under Articles 28 of the SCM Agreement on Existing Programs | 219 |
l. | Item (k) of the SCM Agreement's Illustrative List of Export Subsidies | 219 |
2. | Antidumping Agreement Issues | 221 |
a. | Initiation Requirements Under Antidumping Agreement | 233 |
b. | Determination of Normal Value Pursuant to Article 2 of the Antidumping Agreement | 250 |
c. | Calculation of Dumping Margin Pursuant to Article 2.4 of the Antidumping Agreement | 258 |
d. | Injury Determinations Pursuant to Article 3 of the Antidumping Agreement | 268 |
e. | Evidence Under Article 6 of the Antidumping Agreement | 291 |
f. | Provisional Measures Under Article 7.4 of the Antidumping Agreement | 305 |
g. | Possibility of "Constructive Remedies" Under Article 15 of the Antidumping Agreement for Developing Country Members | 305 |
h. | Retroactive Duties Under Article 10 of the Antidumping Agreement | 307 |
i. | Notice of Final Determination Requirements Under Article 12.2 of the Antidumping Agreement | 308 |
j. | Revocation of Antidumping Duty Orders | 310 |
k. | De Minimis Requirements in Administrative Reviews of Anti-dumping Duty Orders | 312 |
l. | Consistency of Domestic Law With the WTO Agreement | 313 |
m. | Administration of Domestic Law Consistent With Article X:3(a) of GATT 1994 | 322 |
3. | Safeguards Agreement Issues | 323 |
a. | Claims Under Article XIX of GATT 1994 and the Safeguards Agreements | 331 |
b. | Period of Investigation in Safeguards Cases | 341 |
c. | The Role of Customs Unions or Free TradeAreas Under Footnote 1 to Article 2.1 of the Safeguards Agreement | 342 |
d. | Import Volume Determinations Under Article XIX:1(a) of GATT 1994 and Articles 2.1 and 4.2 of the Safeguards Agreement | 348 |
e. | Definition of Domestic Industry Under Article 4.1(c) of the Safeguards Agreement | 352 |
f. | Serious Injury Determinations Under Article 4.2 of the Safeguards Agreement | 359 |
g. | Threat of Serious Injury Determinations Under Articles 4.1(b) and 4.2(a) of the Safeguards Agreement | 367 |
h. | Causation Under the Safeguards Agreement | 370 |
i. | Safeguard Measures Under Article 5.1 of the Safeguards Agreement | 379 |
j. | Notifications and Consultations Regarding Safeguard Measures | 380 |
Chapter II | Resolution of Rules Disputes | 389 |
A. | Summary of Outcomes | 389 |
1. | Limits on Suggestions Under DSU Article 19.1 | 394 |
2. | Time Limits for Implementation of Recommendations and Rulings | 395 |
B. | Recourse to Article 21.5 for Implementation Disagreements in Rules Disputes | 399 |
1. | Implementation Disagreements in Subsidies Cases | 401 |
a. | Australia--Leather | 401 |
b. | Brazil--Aircraft | 404 |
c. | Canada--Aircraft | 414 |
2. | Implementation Disagreements in Antidumping Cases | 422 |
C. | Recourse to DSU Article 22.6 Arbitration Regarding Suspension of Concessions or Other Obligations in Rules Disputes | 423 |
1. | Treaty Provisions Referring to Arbitration Under DSU Article 22.6 | 423 |
2. | Rules Disputes Resulting in Arbitration Under DSU Article 22.6 | 426 |
a. | Brazil--Aircraft | 426 |
Chapter III | Review of Dispute Settlement Proceedings Concerning Other Trade Remedies | 435 |
A. | Jurisdictional Issues Raised by the Scope of Requests for Establishment and the Panel's Terms of Reference | 435 |
1. | United States--Import Measures | 435 |
a. | Request for Establishment | 435 |
b. | The Panel's Terms of Reference | 438 |
B. | Important Issues Addressed in Panel or Appellate Body Decisions Concerning Other Trade Remedies | 441 |
1. | WTO Disputes Involving Sections 301-10 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974 | 446 |
a. | Compliance With DSU Article 23 When Seeking Redress | 446 |
2. | WTO Disputes Involving Certain U.S. Import Measures | 454 |
a. | Compliance With DSU Article 23 When Seeking Redress | 457 |
3. | WTO Disputes Involving Section 337 of the U.S. Tariff Act of 1930 | 468 |
4. | WTO Disputes Involving Section 306 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974 | 469 |
Chapter IV | Questions Raised by WTO Decisions in Trade Remedy Disputes | 471 |
Conclusion | 481 | |
Annex A | Citations to WTO Trade Remedy Disputes | 487 |
Annex B | Actual Timelines for Dispute Settlement | 491 |
Annex C | Dispute Settlement Provisions in the Rules Agreements | 505 |
Annex D | Disputes Involving SCM, Antidumping, and Safeguarding Agreements | 525 |
Annex E | Excerpts from the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties | 543 |
Bibliography | 545 | |
Index | 551 |
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Add Handbook on WTO Trade Remedy Disputes: The First Six Years (1995-2000), This unique HANDBOOK studies the important area of WTO trade remedy disputes. Since the WTO Agreement entered into force in 1995, over a third of all requests for consultations filed with the WTO have concerned a trade remedy dispute. The book summarizes , Handbook on WTO Trade Remedy Disputes: The First Six Years (1995-2000) to the inventory that you are selling on WonderClubX
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Add Handbook on WTO Trade Remedy Disputes: The First Six Years (1995-2000), This unique HANDBOOK studies the important area of WTO trade remedy disputes. Since the WTO Agreement entered into force in 1995, over a third of all requests for consultations filed with the WTO have concerned a trade remedy dispute. The book summarizes , Handbook on WTO Trade Remedy Disputes: The First Six Years (1995-2000) to your collection on WonderClub |