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Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
Principles of Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice 1
Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice 3
Introduction 5
Evidence-Based What? 6
Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice 7
Summary 13
What Is Evidence? 19
Introduction 21
General Characteristics of Desirable Evidence 21
Forms of Evidence 23
Hierarchies of Evidence 28
Summary 32
The Quest for Evidence: Getting Started 35
Introduction 36
Formulating Clinical Questions 36
Searching for Evidence 40
Electronic Database for Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice 44
U.S. National Library of Medicine-PubMed 44
Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) 56
Cochrane Library 61
Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) 64
American Physical Therapy Association's Hooked on Evidence 68
Other Databases and Services 74
Summary 75
Elements of Evidence 79
Questions, Theories, and Hypotheses 81
Introduction 82
The Research Question 83
Background 84
Theories, Concepts, and Constructs 88
Hypotheses 91
Summary 93
Research Design 97
Introduction 100
General Features of Research Designs 101
Research Designs for Questions About Diagnosis and Measurement 105
Research Designs for Questions About Prognosis 106
Research Designs for Questions About Interventions 109
Research Designs for Questions About Outcomes 115
Secondary Analyses 118
Qualitative Studies 121
Summary 122
Research Subjects 127
Introduction 129
Subject Identification 130
Subject Selection 133
Subject Management Within the Study 138
Sample Size 141
Summary 141
Variables and Their Measurements 145
Introduction 148
Variables 148
Measurement 153
Measurement Reliability 156
Measurement Validity 160
Responsiveness to Change 164
Interpreting Change 165
Summary 166
Research Validity 169
Introduction 171
Research Validity 172
Threats to Research Validity of Intervention Studies 173
Threats to Research Validity in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Outcomes Studies 183
The Role of Investigator Bias 184
Additional Solutions to Research Validity Threats 185
Threats to Construct Validity 187
External Validity 189
Summary 190
Unraveling Statistical Mysteries 193
Introduction 195
Descriptive Statistics 197
Parametric Statistics 206
Tests of Differences 207
Tests of Relationships 208
Nonparametric Statistics 213
Additional Statistics in Evidence-Based Physical Therapy 217
Statistical Importance 224
Clinical Relevance 226
Summary 227
Appraising the Evidence 233
Appraising Evidence About Diagnostic Tests 235
Introduction 237
Study Credibility 238
Study Results 241
The Meaning of Study Results 253
Evidence and the Patient/Client 254
Final Thoughts about Diagnosis in Physical Therapy 255
Summary 258
Appraising Evidence About Prognoses 261
Introduction 262
Elements of Prognosis 264
Study Credibility 265
Study Results 269
The Meaning of Study Results 273
Evidence and the Patient/Client 273
Summary 275
Appraising Evidence About Interventions 279
Introduction 281
Study Credibility 282
Additional Considerations 287
Study Results 289
The Meaning of Study Results 294
Evidence and the Patient/Client 295
Summary 304
Appraising Evidence About Outcomes 309
Introduction 312
Outcomes Research 312
Study Credibility 314
Study Results 319
The Meaning of Study Results 320
Evidence and the Patient/Client 320
Evidence About Outcome Measures 321
Important Clinimetric Properties 323
Study Results 328
The Meaning of Study Results 330
Evidence and the Patient/Client 331
Summary 331
Appraising Systematic Reviews and Practice Guidelines 337
Introduction 339
Systematic Reviews 339
Study Credibility 343
Study Results 348
The Meaning of Study Results 358
Evidence and the Patient/Client 360
Clinical Practice Guidelines 362
Is the Guideline Valid? 365
Is the Guideline Acceptable? 368
Summary 369
Evidence in Practice 375
Patient/Client Preferences and Values 377
Introduction 378
Patient-Centered Care 379
Preferences, Expectancies, and Values 384
Summary 390
Putting It All Together 393
Introduction 393
Clinical Case Examples Using Evidence 394
Using Physiologic Studies as Evidence 412
Evidence Hierarchies 421
Additional Evidence Appraisal Worksheets 427
Calculation of Confidence Intervals 449
Index 455
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Add Guide to Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice, Finally, a text designed specifically for physical therapists to facilitate evidence-based practice in both the classroom and in the clinic. Guide to Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice provides readers with the information and tools needed to apprec, Guide to Evidence-Based Physical Therapy Practice to your collection on WonderClub |