Gronlund's Writing Instructional Objectives Book

Preparing Instructional Objectives     1
Focusing on Intended Learning Outcomes     3
Instructional Objectives as Intended Learning Outcomes     4
Levels of Goals and Objectives     5
Objectives at the Training Level     5
Objectives for Higher-Level Learning Outcomes     6
Uses of Instructional Objectives     8
Role of Objectives in Teaching     8
Role of Objectives in Student Learning     9
Role of Objectives in Formative and Summative Assessment     9
Role of Objectives in Communicating Instructional Intent to Others     10
Role of Objectives in Evaluating Instruction     10
Learning Outcomes and the Instructional Process     11
Stating Instructional Objectives as Intended Learning Outcomes     12
What About Standards?     14
Summary     15
Exercises     16
Obtaining Clear Statements of Instructional Objectives     17
Stating the General Instructional Objectives     17
Selecting the Proper Level of Generality     20
Stating the Specific Learning Outcomes     22
Obtaining a Representative Sample of Specific Learning Outcomes     24
Emphasizing Instructional Intent     25
Keeping the Specific Learning Outcomes Useful for Various Units of Study     26
Using Specific Learning Outcomes in Lesson Planning     27
Making Sure the Specific Learning Outcomes Are Relevant     28
Revising the General Objectives as Needed     28
Summary     28
Exercises     29
Using Objectives in Planning for Teaching and Assessment     31
Planning for Instruction     32
Planning for Assessment     34
Assessment Before Instruction     34
Assessment During Instruction     34
Assessment at the End of Instruction     35
Preparing and Using Assessment Procedures     35
Summary     36
Exercises     37
Content Standards and Instructional Objectives     39
Nature of Content Standards     40
Need for Instructional Objectives     43
Summary     48
Exercises     48
Considerations in Preparing Instructional Objectives     49
Using a Frame of Reference as a Guide     49
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives     51
Webb's Depth of Knowledge Framework     52
Cautions in Using Any Framework as a Guide      53
Other Guides in Preparing Instructional Objectives     53
Curriculum Guides     53
Books and Special Reports     54
Test Manuals     55
Considerations in Selecting Instructional Objectives     55
Do the Objectives Indicate Learning Outcomes That Are Appropriate to the Instructional Area?     55
Do the Objectives Represent All Logical Learning Outcomes of the Instructional Area?     55
Are the Objectives Attainable by These Particular Students?     56
Are the Objectives in Harmony with the Philosophy of the School in Which the Instruction Is to Be Given?     56
Are the Objectives in Harmony with Basic Principles of Learning?     56
Preparing Instructional Objectives Cooperatively     57
Summary     58
Exercises     58
Writing Instructional Objectives for Various Outcomes     59
Writing Objectives for Knowledge, Comprehension, and Application Outcomes     61
Stating Objectives at the Knowledge, Comprehension, and Application Levels     63
Adapting Statements to Areas of Instruction     64
Adapting Statements to Levels of Instruction     65
The Problem of Limiting Objectives to Intellectual Outcomes     67
Summary     67
Exercises      68
Writing Objectives for Higher-Level Thinking Skills     69
Making a Useful List of Outcomes     70
Adapting Statements to Areas of Instruction     72
Adapting Statements to Levels of Instruction     73
Affective Components of Thinking     74
Summary     76
Exercises     76
Writing Objectives for Affective Outcomes     77
Basing Statements on the Taxonomy Categories     78
Basing Statements on Traditional Categories     79
Adapting Statements to Areas and Levels of Instruction     81
Deciding if Affective Outcomes Should Be Stated Separately     81
Summary     82
Exercises     82
Writing Performance Objectives for Skills and Products     85
Writing Objectives for Procedure Outcomes     86
Writing Objectives for Product Outcomes     88
Focusing on Both Procedure and Product Outcomes     89
Isolating Performance Skills When Writing Objectives     90
Guidelines for Writing and Using Performance Objectives for Skills and Products     91
Summary     92
Exercises     92
Writing Performance Objectives for Problem-Solving Projects     93
Stating Objectives for Restricted Problem-Solving Projects     93
Stating Objectives for Extended Problem-Solving Projects     94
Guidelines for Writing and Using Performance Objectives in Problem-Solving Projects     97
Summary     98
Exercises     99
Using Instructional Objectives in Assessment     101
Using Objectives in Achievement Testing     103
Preparing the List of Instructional Objectives     104
Objectives for a Unit in Economics     104
Outlining the Content     105
Content Outline for a Unit in Economics (Money and Banking)     105
Preparing the Table of Specifications     106
Constructing Relevant Test Items     107
Using a Simple Table for Item Writing     108
Using Detailed Specifications for Item Writing     108
Using Objectives for Interpreting Test Results     110
Summary     111
Exercises     111
Using Objectives in Performance and Affective Assessment     113
Assessing Performance Skills     114
Rating Scales     114
Checklists     115
Holistic Scoring Rubrics     118
Assessing Affective Outcomes     119
Rating Scales and Checklists     119
Self-Report Method     120
Using Student Portfolios     121
Guidelines for Preparing and Using Assessment Instruments     122
Summary     123
Exercises     124
Checklist for Evaluating the Final List of Objectives     125
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Major Categories and Illustrative Objectives)     127
Revised Taxonomy of Educational Objectives     134
Depth-of-Knowledge by Subject Descriptors     138
Illustrative Verbs     143
Answers to Exercises     147
References     152
Index     154