Green Chemistry and Engineering Book

Preface     xi
About the Authors...     xv
Introduction     1
Definition of Green Chemistry     3
Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry     3
Initiatives Taken Up by Countries Around the World     6
The Green Chemistry Expert System     7
How Green Chemistry Is Being Addressed     9
Cross Interactions from Green Chemistry     9
The Patent Scene     11
The Measure of Greenness     11
Safety and Risk Indices     15
Mass and Energy Indices     16
The Hierarchical Approach     17
The Sustainable Process Index     21
Conclusions     22
References     23
Newer Synthetic Methods     27
Introduction     27
Use of Microwaves for Synthesis     32
Electro-Organic Methods     33
Elegant and Cost-Effective Synthetic Design     33
Conclusions     37
References     39
Appendix 2.1     40
References     42
Appendix 2.2     44
References     50
Catalysis and Green Chemistry     53
Catalysis and GreenChemistry     54
Conclusions     66
References     66
Biocatalysis: Green Chemistry     69
Introduction     69
Advantages Within Industrial Applications     70
Challenges to Make Biocatalysis Industrially Viable     71
Process Design     82
Future Trends     83
References     89
Alternate Solvents     93
Safer Solvents     94
Green Solvents     97
Water as Solvent     98
Solvent-Free Conditions     99
Ionic Liquids     99
Conclusions     103
References     104
Process and Operations     105
Industry Perception     107
Reactions     112
Reactor Designs     113
Micro Mixers     117
Unit Operations     121
Reactions with Separation Operations     135
Other New Reactor Designs     161
Process Integration     162
Conclusions     167
References     168
Alternate Energy Sources     171
Greenhouse Gases     172
Renewable Energy      187
Future Sources of Renewable Energy     190
Conclusions     190
References     191
Inherent Safety     193
Conflicts Due to Inherently Safe Designs     228
Conclusions     242
References     243
Industrial Examples     245
The Pharmaceutical Industries and Green Chemistry     252
The Polymer Industry     264
Pesticides, Antifoulants, and Herbicides     270
Solvents and Green Chemistry     274
The Food and Flavor Industry     277
The Maleic Anhydride Manufacturing Process     280
Chelants     281
The Surfactant Industry     283
Industries in Need of Support to Go Green     284
The Semiconductor Manufacture Industry     284
The Dye Industry     285
The Textile Industry     286
The Tannery Industry     288
The Sugar and Distillery Industries     288
The Paper and Pulp Industry     289
The Pharmaceutical Industry     291
Conclusions     293
References     294
Conclusions and Future Trends     297
Energy     297
Process Intensification     299
Biotechnology: The Solution to All Problems     302
Future Predictions     308
Conclusions     310
References     311
Index     313