Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture: Book

	Executive Summary	1
	Public-Sector Role in Research	5
	Public-Sector Role in Implementation	9
	Public-Sector Role in Education	13
	Coda	15
1	History and Context	17
	Definition of Pesticide	17
	History of Pest Control	20
	Goals of Agriculture	27
	References	31
2	Benefits, Costs, and Contemporary use Patterns	33
	Benefits of Pesticides	33
	Contemporary Pesticide Use on US Crops	38
	Pesticide-Related Productivity in US Agriculture	41
	Partial-Budget Models	45
	Combined Budget-Market Models	49
	Econometric Models	50
	Quality, Storage, and Risk	52
	Product Quality	52
	Storage	53
	Risk	54
	Current Problems Associated with Pesticides	55
	Resistance to Pesticides	55
	Human Health Impacts	60
	Occupational Effects and Risks: an Overview	60
	Manufacturing Risks	61
	Packaging, Distribution, and Application Risks	62
	Trends in Worker Safety Risk	63
	Special Focus: Health Risks of Farm Workers and EPA Worker Protection Standards	64
	Food Residues	67
	Soil, Air, and Water Exposures	70
	Ecological Problems: Impacts on Non-Target Organisms	78
	Public Perception of Pesticides	83
	References	90
3	Economic and Regulatory Changes and the Future of Pest Management	102
	Economic and Institutional Developments and Their Impacts on Pest Control	102
	Globalization of World Food Markets	103
	Industrialization of Agriculture and Food Processing	105
	Decentralization and Privatization	106
	Privatization of Extension Services and Consulting	109
	Phaseout of Commodity Programs	110
	Devolution	111
	Emergence of the Knowledge Economy	111
	The Organic-Food Market	113
	Market Size	113
	USDA National Organic Standards Program	115
	Eco-Labelling	115
	New Zealand	116
	United States	118
	Innovative Farming Systems to Reduce Pesticide Use	119
	Biointegral Orchard Systems and Biointegral Farming Systems	119
	Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program	120
	Regulatory Changes	120
	Environmental Regulation	120
	Food Quality Protection Act	123
	Decreasing Worker Exposure to Pesticides	130
	The 1992 EPA Worker Protection Standards	130
	Additional Means of Decreasing Worker Exposure to Pesticides	133
	Legislated Reductions in Pesticide Use	139
	References	139
4	Technological and Biological Changes and the Future of Pest Management	144
	Global Pesticide Market Trends	144
	Chemical-Pesticide Markets	144
	Biopesticide Market	145
	The Industry	146
	Agricultural-Chemical Companies	146
	Biopesticide Companies	156
	The Use of Microbial Pesticides in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Systems	156
	Bacillus thuringiensis	157
	Baculoviruses	160
	Entomopathogenic Fungi	163
	Microbial and Natural-Product Fungicides	165
	Hypovirulence	168
	Transgenic Crops	168
	Genetic Engineering of Pests	173
	Targets of Chemical Pesticides	176
	Combinatorial Chemistry	177
	Development and Commercialization of New Chemicals	178
	Application Technology	179
	Precision Agriculture	182
	Remote Sensing and Pest Management	183
	Increasing Knowledge of Pest Ecology	184
	Decision-Support Systems for Pest Management	185
	Ecological Changes Affecting Agriculture	186
	Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming	186
	Increased Ultraviolet-B Radiation	189
	Increased Frequency of Biological Invasions	190
	Loss of Biodiversity	191
	Evolutionary Changes in Pests	192
	References	197
5	Evaluation of Pest-Control Strategies	210
	Pesticide Use in Managed and Natural Ecosystems	211
	Perennial Cropping Systems	211
	Annual Cropping Systems	212
	Stored-Products Systems	219
	Animal-Production Systems	221
	Urban Pest-Management Systems	223
	Wildland Systems	226
	Deciding Among Alternative Pest-Management Strategies in Determining the Utility of Chemical Products	226
	Methods for Assessing Pest Management Strategies	227
	Producers' Surplus	229
	Pest-control Suppliers' Surplus (SS)	229
	Users' Surplus (US)	232
	Consumers' Surplus (CS)	237
	Environmental and Health Costs (EHC)	240
	Environmental Costs and Benefits (ECB)	242
	Nontarget Species Costs (NTC)	242
	Damage to Property and Resources (DRC)	242
	Environmental Costs and Benefits of Resource Use (ECBR)	243
	Government Net Costs (GNC)	243
	Evaluation	243
	Model For Design and Evaluation of Pest-Management Strategies on the Farm Scale	244
	Assessment with Model	245
	Identifying Research Needs	246
	References	246
6	Conclusions and Recommendations	250
	Tradeoffs in Pesticide Decision-Making	254
	Government Support of Research and Development	257
	Funding of New Ventures in Agricultural Biotechnology and Biopesticides	261
	Education and Information	267
	Coda	269
	References	272
	Appendixes
A	Selected National Research Council Publications about Pesticides	275
B	Workshop Agendas	276
C	About the Authors	280
	Index	285