Fundamentals of Sustainable Chemical Science Book

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY AND GREEN CHEMISTRY

If We Do Not Change Direction

The Essential Role of Chemistry

Environmental Chemistry and Green Chemistry

A Mini-Course in Chemistry

The Building Blocks of Matter

Chemical Bonds and Compounds

Chemical Reactions and Equations

Numbers in Chemistry: Exponential Notation

Significant Figures and Uncertainties in Numbers

Measurements and Systems of Measurement

Units of Mass

Units of Length

Units of Volume

Temperature, Heat, and Energy

Pressure

Units and Their Use in Calculations

Chapter Summary

Literature Cited

Questions and Problems

MATTER AND MATERIALS

What Is Matter And Why Does It Matter For Sustainability And Green Chemistry?

Classification of Matter

Quantity of Matter: The Mole

Physical Properties of Matter

States of Matter

Gases

Liquids and Solutions

Solids

Thermal Properties

Separation and Characterization of Matter

The Green Chemistry of Matter

Chapter Summary

Questions and Problems

ATOMS AND ELEMENTS

Atoms and Elements

The Atomic Theory

Subatomic Particles

The Basic Structure of the Atom

Development of the Periodic Table

Hydrogen, the Simplest Atom

Helium, the First Atom with a Filled Electron Shell

Lithium, the First Atom with Both Inner and Outer Electrons

The Second Period, Elements

Elements 11—20, and Beyond

A More Detailed Look at Atomic Structure

Quantum and Wave Mechanical Models of Electrons in Atoms

Energy Levels of Atomic Orbitals

Shapes of Atomic Orbitals

Electron Configuration

Electrons in the First 20 Elements

Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

Chapter Summary

Questions and Problems

CHEMICAL BONDS, MOLECULES, AND COMPOUNDS

Chemical Bonds and Compound Formation

Chemical Bonding and the Octet Rule

Ionic Bonding

Fundamentals of Covalent Bonding

Covalent Bonds in Compounds

Some Other Aspects of Covalent Bonding

Chemical Formulas of Compounds

The Names of Chemical Compounds

Acids, Bases, and Salts

Chapter Summary

Questions and Problems

CHEMICAL REACTIONS, EQUATIONS, AND STOICHIOMETRY

The Sentences of Chemistry

The Information In A Chemical Equation

Balancing Chemical Equations

Will A Reaction Occur?

How Fast Does A Reaction Go?

Classification of Chemical Reactions

Quantitative Information from Chemical Reactions

What Is Stoichiometry and Why Is It Important?

Chapter Summary

Questions and Problems

ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS

The Importance of Acids, Bases, and Salts

The Nature of Acids, Bases, and Salts

Conductance of Electricity by Acids, Bases, and Salts in Solution

Dissociation of Acids and Bases in Water

The Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Buffers

H And the Relationship between Hydrogen Ion and Hydroxide Ion Concentrations

Preparation of Acids

Preparation of Bases

Preparation of Salts

Acid Salts and Basic Salts

Water of Hydration

Names of Acids, Bases, and Salts

Chapter Summary

Questions and Problems

SOLUTIONS AND SOLVENTS

What Are Solutions? Why Are They Important?

Solvents

Water—A Unique Solvent

The Solution Process and Solubility

Solution Concentrations

Standard Solutions and Titrations

Physical Properties of Solutions

Solution Equilibria

Colloidal Suspensions

Chapter Summary

Questions and Problems

CHEMISTRY AND ELECTRICITY

Chemistry and Electricity

Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation—Reduction in Solution

The Dry Cell

Storage Batteries

Using Electricity to Make Chemical Reactions Occur

Electroplating

Fuel Cells

Solar Cells

Reaction Tendency

Effect of Concentration: Nernst Equation

Potentiometry

Corrosion

Chapter Summary

Questions and Problems

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic Chemistry

Hydrocarbons

Organic Functional Groups and Classes Of Organic Compounds

Synthetic Polymers

Chapter Summary

Supplementary References

Questions and Problems

BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Biochemistry

Biochemistry and the Cell

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Enzymes

Nucleic Acids

Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering

Metabolic Processes

Chapter Summary

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Questions and Problems

INDEX