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Preface | xiii | |
Acknowledgments | xvii | |
Introduction | xxv | |
Mountain flying is different | xxv | |
Mountain flying can be done safely | xxv | |
The statistics of mountain flight | xxvi | |
Causes of mountain flight accidents | xxviii | |
Flatland pilots are at greatest risk | xxxi | |
Hence this book | xxxii | |
1 | Altitude | 1 |
Effects of altitude | 1 | |
Some aircraft performance charts | 7 | |
Effects of altitude on aircraft engines | 13 | |
Density altitude | 14 | |
Fuel mixture management | 17 | |
Turbocharging | 19 | |
Engine cooling | 20 | |
Effect of altitude on aerodynamics | 21 | |
Effect of altitude on aircraft performance | 22 | |
Speeds to fly change with altitude | 26 | |
More airplane is better | 28 | |
One more time | 32 | |
Effects of altitude on pilots | 33 | |
Hypoxia | 33 | |
Susceptibility to hypoxia | 37 | |
Dangers of hypoxia | 37 | |
Hyperventilation | 39 | |
Avoiding hypoxia | 40 | |
Acclimatize | 40 | |
Supplemental oxygen | 43 | |
Pressurized cabin | 43 | |
Oxygen systems | 44 | |
Constant-flow oxygen | 44 | |
Diluter demand oxygen | 44 | |
Dehydration | 45 | |
Fatigue | 46 | |
Hypothermia | 46 | |
Cumulative effects | 47 | |
Cold-weather operations | 47 | |
Above freezing | 48 | |
From freezing to 20[degree]F | 48 | |
Temperatures below 20[degree]F | 53 | |
Temperatures below 0[degree]F | 54 | |
Temperatures lower than -30[degree]F | 54 | |
Reminder about hypothermia | 55 | |
Cold-weather accident precautions | 56 | |
2 | Mountain weather | 59 |
Global weather | 61 | |
Weather predictions and current information sources | 62 | |
The Internet | 62 | |
The Weather Channel | 63 | |
Airport weather computers | 63 | |
Flight service | 63 | |
En route weather information | 64 | |
All the above information was incorrect! | 69 | |
Observe the weather | 72 | |
3 | Reading mountain weather | 73 |
Observing weather | 73 | |
Clouds | 73 | |
Cloud Types | 74 | |
Cumulus-form clouds | 74 | |
Where cumulus clouds form | 77 | |
Other concerns with cumulus clouds | 79 | |
Cumulus cloud types | 84 | |
Typical cloud heights | 90 | |
Cumuluslike mountain cloud types | 90 | |
Stratiform clouds | 99 | |
Temperature inversion layers | 101 | |
Lenticular clouds | 107 | |
Cloud caps (or Foehn walls in Europe) | 107 | |
Pileus clouds | 110 | |
Mountain wave | 110 | |
Conditions favoring wave formation | 116 | |
Wave dimensions | 116 | |
Flying in wave conditions | 117 | |
Nacreous clouds | 120 | |
Kelvin-Helmholtz wavelets | 121 | |
Small-scale mountain winds | 123 | |
Katabatic/anabatic winds | 124 | |
Temperature inversions | 126 | |
Thermals | 127 | |
Ridge lift/rotor | 127 | |
Venturi | 130 | |
Anomalous reverse-direction winds | 131 | |
Reverse-direction convective wind | 133 | |
Reverse-direction deflected winds | 133 | |
Reverse-direction pressure drainage winds | 135 | |
Microbursts and gust fronts over ridges and passes | 138 | |
Summary of anomalous reverse-flow winds over passes | 139 | |
4 | Mountain Flying Strategy | 141 |
Flying the mountain environment | 141 | |
Time of day | 142 | |
Time of year | 143 | |
Think behind | 144 | |
Takeoffs | 145 | |
Takeoff technique | 145 | |
Density altitude | 148 | |
Uphill/downhill takeoffs | 150 | |
Soft field (grass, dirt, snow) | 151 | |
Go/no go | 152 | |
Take off twice | 153 | |
Departures | 154 | |
Traffic | 156 | |
En route | 158 | |
Route planning | 158 | |
Navigation | 160 | |
Lost? | 167 | |
En route flight techniques | 168 | |
Narrow valleys | 170 | |
Climbing a narrow valley | 170 | |
Climb speed | 174 | |
Clear the pass at the head of the valley? | 175 | |
Canyon turns | 176 | |
Unlikely methods for canyon turns | 180 | |
Chandelles | 180 | |
Half lazy eights | 181 | |
Wingovers | 182 | |
Hammerhead stall turns | 182 | |
All canyon turns | 184 | |
Flying up a canyon in poor visibility | 184 | |
Keep your back door open! | 184 | |
Crossing a pass | 184 | |
Bad visibility at a pass | 188 | |
Crossing a ridge or mountain range | 188 | |
Altitude needed to cross a pass | 191 | |
A day I guessed wrong | 192 | |
Too late to turn back? | 193 | |
Traffic at mountain passes | 194 | |
Instrument flight in the mountains | 196 | |
Don't | 197 | |
Turbulence | 197 | |
Minimum en route altitudes | 197 | |
Published departure climbs | 198 | |
Missed-approach procedures | 198 | |
Approach procedures | 198 | |
Minimum descent altitudes | 199 | |
Mountain icing | 199 | |
Mountain wave icing | 207 | |
Single-engine IFR in the mountains | 208 | |
An IFR strategy to avoid | 209 | |
5 | Specific mountain weather concerns | 213 |
Flight above the clouds | 213 | |
VFR on top unlikely in summer | 213 | |
Flight above low stratus clouds | 216 | |
Avoid flight above building cumulus clouds | 216 | |
Flight under the clouds | 217 | |
Cloud suck | 219 | |
Mammata | 219 | |
Why pilots find themselves in trouble beneath the clouds | 220 | |
Scud-running | 221 | |
Conditions for scud-running | 222 | |
Beware of artificial obstructions! | 223 | |
How to scud-run | 224 | |
Saving yourself when scud-running traps you | 226 | |
Fly toward low terrain | 226 | |
Fly in low circles | 227 | |
Climb | 227 | |
Precautionary landings | 228 | |
Walking out | 230 | |
Fly around inclement weather | 232 | |
Night flight over the mountains | 233 | |
Fly on another day | 239 | |
6 | Almost home | 243 |
Descents | 243 | |
Engine management | 243 | |
Avoiding shock cooling | 244 | |
Avoiding overcooling | 246 | |
Speed control | 247 | |
Carburetor icing | 248 | |
Descent planning | 249 | |
Approaches | 250 | |
Descent into a valley | 256 | |
Predicting areas of turbulence | 257 | |
Descending through lift | 259 | |
Planning an approach for conditions of reduced visibility | 260 | |
Traffic | 260 | |
Finding the airport | 261 | |
Arrivals | 262 | |
Avoiding turbulence on final approach | 264 | |
Going around | 266 | |
Landings | 269 | |
Landing speed | 269 | |
Speed control on final approach | 271 | |
Uphill/downhill runways | 272 | |
Downhill landings | 274 | |
Short field landings | 274 | |
Rough field/soft field landings | 277 | |
Off-field landings | 288 | |
7 | Only in the mountains | 291 |
Unconventional operations | 291 | |
Flight close to terrain | 291 | |
Search and rescue, aerial photography, game spotting | 291 | |
Search and rescue | 296 | |
Sideslips | 300 | |
Descend canyons | 300 | |
Bridges, wires, and arches | 301 | |
Trim for climb | 302 | |
Look ahead | 302 | |
Avoid heroics | 302 | |
Soaring flight | 303 | |
Ridge lift | 304 | |
Thermal lift | 304 | |
8 | More advanced mountain flying | 307 |
Practice | 307 | |
Graduated exposure | 309 | |
Advanced mountain flight instructions | 310 | |
Further reading | 311 | |
Summary | 315 | |
Do | 315 | |
Don't | 316 | |
Postscript | 319 | |
My first solo flight | 319 | |
Index | 323 |
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Add Flying the Mountains, This training guide diminishes the dangers and doubles the thrill—and safety—of flying single-engine aircraft at high altitudes in mountainous regions. Logically organized by phases of flight—from preflight preparation to landings—the author combines stat, Flying the Mountains to the inventory that you are selling on WonderClubX
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Add Flying the Mountains, This training guide diminishes the dangers and doubles the thrill—and safety—of flying single-engine aircraft at high altitudes in mountainous regions. Logically organized by phases of flight—from preflight preparation to landings—the author combines stat, Flying the Mountains to your collection on WonderClub |