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Preface | ||
1 | Structure of Fluorinated Surfactants | 1 |
1.2 | Structural Features of Fluorinated Surfactants. The Hydrophobe | 3 |
1.3 | Anionic Fluorinated Surfactants | 4 |
1.4 | Cationic Surfactants | 5 |
1.5 | Amphoteric Surfactants | 9 |
1.6 | Nonionic Surfactants | 10 |
1.7 | Silicone-Containing Fluorinated Surfactants | 12 |
1.8 | Fluorinated Surfactants without a Hydrophile | 14 |
1.9 | Polymeric Fluorinated Surfactants | 15 |
2 | Synthesis | 22 |
2.1 | Starting Materials | 22 |
2.2 | Electrochemical Fluorination | 24 |
2.3 | Telomerization | 28 |
2.4 | Oligomerization of Tetrafluoroethylene | 33 |
2.5 | Miscellaneous Reactions | 36 |
2.6 | Anionic Fluorinated Surfactants | 38 |
2.7 | Cationic Surfactants | 48 |
2.8 | Amphoteric Surfactants | 50 |
2.9 | Nonionic Surfactants | 54 |
3 | Physical and Chemical Properties | 69 |
3.1 | Chemical Properties | 69 |
3.2 | Melting Points | 79 |
3.3 | Boiling Points | 83 |
3.4 | Density | 87 |
3.5 | Refractive Index | 89 |
4 | Liquid-Vapor and Liquid-Liquid Boundaries Surface Tension | 92 |
4.1 | Theory of Surface Tension | 92 |
4.2 | Adsorption at Liquid-Vapor Boundary | 97 |
4.3 | Surface Tension in Water. Surfactant Structure | 110 |
4.4 | Kinetics of Adsorption | 122 |
4.5 | Surface Tension in Acids and Alkali | 128 |
4.6 | Surface Tension in Organic Liquids | 133 |
4.7 | Liquid-Liquid Interface | 142 |
4.8 | Emulsions | 148 |
4.9 | Foams | 153 |
5 | Solid-Liquid Boundary | 162 |
5.1 | Wetting | 162 |
5.2 | Critical Surface Tension and Surface Energy | 166 |
5.3 | Adsorption from Solution | 169 |
5.4 | Adsorption of Mixed Surfactants | 183 |
6 | Fluorinated Surfactants in Solution | 191 |
6.1 | Solubility | 191 |
6.2 | Micelle Formation | 193 |
6.3 | Krafft Point | 204 |
6.4 | Cloud Point | 212 |
6.5 | Thermodynamics of Micellization | 213 |
6.6 | Critical Micelle Concentration | 221 |
6.7 | Solubilization | 245 |
7 | Structure of Micelles and Mesophases | 264 |
7.1 | Structure of Micelles | 264 |
7.2 | Theory for Mixed Micelles | 273 |
7.3 | Surfactant Mixtures | 282 |
7.4 | Mesophases and Liquid Crystals | 309 |
7.5 | Current Research | 315 |
8 | Applications | 325 |
8.1 | Performance Characteristics of Fluorinated Surfactants | 325 |
8.2 | Selection of Fluorinated Surfactants | 326 |
8.3 | Specific Applications | 327 |
9 | Analysis of Fluorinated Surfactants | 362 |
9.1 | Determination and Characterization of Fluorinated Surfactants | 362 |
9.2 | Elemental Analysis | 362 |
9.3 | Volumetric Methods and Ion-Pair Spectroscopy | 364 |
9.4 | Chromatography | 366 |
9.5 | Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectroscopy | 367 |
9.6 | Mass Spectrometry | 370 |
9.7 | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | 373 |
9.8 | Chemical Relaxation Methods | 379 |
9.9 | Small-Angle Scattering Methods | 381 |
9.10 | Light Scattering | 383 |
9.11 | Luminescence Probing Methods | 383 |
9.12 | X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy | 386 |
9.13 | Electrochemical Methods | 388 |
9.14 | Ultrafiltration | 393 |
9.15 | Surface Tension | 393 |
9.16 | Fluorinated Surfactants in Biological Systems | 399 |
9.17 | Fluorinated Surfactants in the Environment | 401 |
10 | Toxicology and Environmental Aspects | 415 |
10.1 | Toxicology | 415 |
10.2 | Environmental Aspects | 421 |
10.3 | Physiology: Sorption, Metabolism, and Excretion | 426 |
10.4 | Fluorochemical Emulsions for Biomedical Oxygen Transport | 430 |
Index | 463 |
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