Families by Law: An Adoption Reader Book

	Acknowledgments
	Introduction	1
I	History of Adoption in the United States	7
1	An act to Provide for the Adoption of Children (1851)	9
2	Society's Children: The Care of Indigent Youngsters in New York City, 1875-1903	11
3	Perfect Substitutes or the Real Thing?	19
4	Like Our Very Own: Adoption and the Changing Culture of Motherhood, 1851-1950	25
5	Fallen Women, Problem Girls: Unmarried Mothers and the Professionalization of Social Work, 1890-1945	29
II	Creating Adoptive Families: Legal and Psychological Requirements and Consequences	33
6	State and Federal Adoption Laws	37
7	Code of Ethics	43
8	Adoption as a Child Welfare Service: CWLA 2000 Standards	45
9	Analysis of the Proposed Uniform Adoption Act (UAA) of 1994	47
10	Family Ties: Solving the Constitutional Dilemma of the Faultless Father	52
11	Proposed Uniform Adoption Act (UAA) of 1994	63
12	Adoption Agencies and the Search for the Ideal Family, 1918-1965	64
13	Adoption and the Parental Screening System	72
14	Proposed Uniform Adoption Act (UAA) of 1994	77
15	Adoptees' Inheritance Rights	78
16	Is Adoption a Risk Factor for the Development of Adjustment Problems?	80
17	Coming to Terms with Adoption: The Construction of Identity from Adolescence into Adulthood	84
18	Nature and Nurture: A New Look at How Families Work	85
19	Nature in Adoptive Parenthood	88
III	Foster Care and Informal Adoption	91
20	Smith v. Organization of Foster Families for Equality and Reform (O.F.F.E.R.) (U.S. 1977)	95
21	In re G.C. (Pa. 1999)	100
22	Rodriguez v. McLoughlin (S.D.N.Y. 1999), reversed (2d Cir. N.Y. 2000)	102
23	In re Jasmon O. (Cal. 1994)	106
24	Parents' Rights vs. Children's Interests: The Case of the Foster Child	108
25	When Children Cannot Remain Home: Foster Family Care and Kinship Care	111
26	Taking Adoption Seriously: Radical Revolution or Modest Revisionism?	115
27	The Extended Family System in the Black Community: A Child-Centered Model for Adoption Policy	119
IV	Adoption and Confidentiality	123
28	Adoption and Change of Name: General Statutes of Minnesota (1917)	125
29	The Sealed Adoption Records Controversy in Historical Perspective: The Case of the Children's Home Society of Washington, 1895-1988	126
30	We Have a Long Way to Go: Attitudes toward Adoption	134
31	The Idea of Adoption: An Inquiry into the History of Adult Adoptee Access to Birth Records	136
32	Doe v. Sundquist (6th Cir. Tenn. 1997)	142
33	State Legislation and Mutual Consent Registries	145
34	The Basic Bastard	146
35	CWLA Standards: Policy Changes, 1973-2000	149
36	Adoption, Identity, and the Constitution: The Case for Opening Closed Records	153
V	Adoption with Continuing Contact: "Open Adoption"	157
37	Overview of Legal Status of Post-Adoption Contact Agreements	159
38	Perspectives on Open Adoption	163
39	In re Adoption of Vito (Mass. 2000)	167
40	Guidelines for Public Policy and State Legislation Governing Permanence for Children	172
41	Post-Adoption Contact: CWLA 2000 Standards	174
42	Increasing Options to Improve Permanency: Considerations in Drafting an Adoption with Contact Statute	175
43	Kinship with Strangers: Adoption and Interpretations of Kinship in American Culture	177
VI	The Frontiers of Adoption	185
44	The What and Why of the Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA)	189
45	"Are You My Mother?": Conceptualizing Children's Identity Rights in Transracial Adoptions	194
46	The Color of Desire: Fulfilling Adoptive Parents' Racial Preferences through Discriminatory State Action	200
47	Private Race Preferences in Family Formation	205
48	Racial Geographies	208
49	Does a Child Have a Right to a Certain Identity?	211
50	Intercountry Adoption: A Frontier without Boundaries	215
51	Who Are Indian Children within the Scope of the Federal Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)?	221
52	Pigs in Heaven: A Parable of Native American Adoption under the Indian Child Welfare Act	228
53	Second Parent Adoptions Protect Children with Two Mothers or Two Fathers	235
54	State Appeals Court Rulings That Deny or Approve Second Parent Adoptions by Same-Sex Couples	239
55	(How) Does the Sexual Orientation of Parents Matter?	248
56	Single Parent Adoptions	252
VII	Feminism	257
57	Re-expressing Parenthood	259
58	Transracial and International Adoption: Mothers, Hierarchy, Race, and Feminist Legal Theory	265
59	Family Issue(s)	270
60	"O Wind, Remind Him That I Have No Child": Infertility and Feminist Jurisprudence	273
61	Adoption, Biological Essentialism, and Feminist Theory	280
VIII	Other Perspectives on Adoption	283
62	Johnson v. Calvert (Cal. 1993)	287
63	In re Nicholas H. (Cal. 2002)	291
64	Note on the Revised Uniform Parentage Act (UPA) of 2002	294
65	Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution	297
66	From Coitus to Commerce: Legal and Social Consequences of Noncoital Reproduction	299
67	Law Making for Baby Making: An Interpretive Approach to the Determination of Legal Parentage	306
68	Considerations against Donor Anonymity in Collaborative Procreation	310
69	The Jurisprudence of Genetics	313
70	Market-Inalienability	319
71	The Effect of Transactions Costs on the Market for Babies	324
	Sources	329
	Index	337
	About the Editors	349