Essential Endodontology Book

	List of Contributors	vi
	Preface	viii
1	Apical Periodontitis: Microbial Infection and Host Responses	1
1.1	Introduction	1
1.2	Terminology	1
1.3	Oral and dental infection	3
1.4	Biological and clinical significance	4
1.5	Concluding remarks	7
	References	7
2	Pulp-Dentin and Periodontal Anatomy and Physiology	9
2.1	Introduction	9
2.2	The pulp-dentin organ	10
2.3	The pulp tissue	11
2.4	The dentin	18
2.5	Pulpal blood flow and tissue pressure	24
2.6	Inflammatory reactions	27
2.7	The periodontium	30
2.8	The periodontal ligament (PDL)	31
2.9	Cementum	35
2.10	Alveolar bone	36
	References	38
3	Etiology and Pathogenesis of Pulpitis and Apical Periodontitis	42
3.1	Introduction	42
3.2	Etiology of periapical inflammation	43
3.3	Histopathology	45
3.4	Immunopharmacology of periapical inflammation	47
3.5	Modulation of periapical inflammation	52
3.6	Conclusions	55
	References	55
4	Pathology of Apical Periodontitis	68
4.1	Introduction	68
4.2	Classification and terminology	68
4.3	Disease of infection	70
4.4	Histopathology	75
4.5	Special manifestations	89
	References	95
5	Microbiology of Apical Periodontitis	106
5.1	Introduction	106
5.2	Microbiology of the dentin and pulp under caries	110
5.3	Biology of microbes in the root canal system	111
5.4	Morphological localization of bacteria	113
5.5	General description of the microbial flora	115
5.6	Microbiology of acute apical periodontitis	115
5.7	Microbiology of chronic apical periodontitis	117
5.8	Clinical bacteriological techniques	118
5.9	Antibiotic usage	124
	References	125
6	Radiology of Apical Periodontitis	131
6.1	Introduction	131
6.2	Radiology of the normal apical periodontium	132
6.3	Established apical periodontitis	135
6.4	Incipient apical periodontitis	141
6.5	Root filled teeth with apical periodontitis	141
6.6	Differential diagnosis	143
6.7	Radiology in clinical experiments and epidemiology	147
	References	152
7	Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis	157
7.1	Introduction	157
7.2	Pulpal diagnoses	157
7.3	Symptomatology	158
7.4	Diagnostic tests	159
7.5	Clinical findings	164
7.6	Formulation of a pulpal diagnosis	165
7.7	Periapical diagnoses	166
7.8	Symptomatology and diagnosis	167
	References	174
8	Epidemiology of Apical Periodontitis	179
8.1	Introduction	179
8.2	Epidemiology - general aspects	179
8.3	Epidemiology in endodontic research	182
8.4	Conclusions	188
	References	189
9	Treatment of the Exposed Dentin-Pulp Complex	192
9.1	Introduction	192
9.2	Treatment of the non-exposed pulp	193
9.3	Treatment of the exposed pulp	196
9.4	Prognosis	204
	References	205
10	Endodontic Treatment of Teeth without Apical Periodontitis	211
10.1	Introduction	211
10.2	Treatment principles	212
10.3	The vital pulp - pulpectomy	212
10.4	The necrotic pulp - root canal treatment	213
10.5	Asepsis	214
10.6	Tissue removal	216
10.7	Antisepsis	224
10.8	Root canal filling	226
10.9	Tissue responses	231
	References	236
11	Endodontic Treatment of Apical Periodontitis	242
11.1	Introduction	242
11.2	Asepsis	243
11.3	Debridement	244
11.4	Chemical disinfection	247
11.5	Root filling	252
11.6	Retreatment	257
11.7	Treatment of exacerbations	263
11.8	Persistent infections	265
	References	269
12	Surgical Treatment of Apical Periodontitis	278
12.1	Introduction including history	278
12.2	Procedures	279
12.3	Indications	279
12.4	Contraindications	280
12.5	Anesthesia	280
12.6	Surgical anatomy	280
12.7	Curettage	285
12.8	Apicectomy	285
12.9	Perforation repair	293
12.10	Replantation	294
12.11	Root amputation, hemisection	295
12.12	Guided tissue regeneration	295
12.13	Surgical retreatment	296
12.14	Modes of healing	297
12.15	Prognosis of treated teeth	298
	References	300
13	Endodontic Treatment of Primary Teeth	308
13.1	Introduction	308
13.2	Pulp--dentin complex	308
13.3	Pulp disease	310
13.4	Endodontic therapy of primary teeth	314
13.5	Conservative pulp treatment in primary teeth	314
13.6	Radical endodontic treatment	319
	References	325
14	Restoration of the Root Filled Tooth	331
14.1	Introduction	331
14.2	General factors affecting restoration of root filled teeth	331
14.3	Restoring root filled anterior teeth	334
14.4	Retention of posts	336
14.5	Restoration of the root filled posterior tooth	349
14.6	Restoration of root filled teeth for overdenture abutments	352
14.7	Clinical performance of restored root filled teeth	353
14.8	Restoration of primary teeth	355
	References	356
15	Treatment Outcome and Prognosis of Endodontic Therapy	367
15.1	Introduction	367
15.2	Follow-up studies of root canal treatment	368
15.3	Cross-sectional studies	372
15.4	Prevention of apical periodontitis	373
15.5	Therapy of apical periodontitis	375
15.6	Prognostic factors in root canal treatment	384
15.7	Prognostic factors in apical surgery	388
15.8	Case selection	391
15.9	Concluding remarks	391
	References	391
	Index	402