Environmental Debate: A Documentary History Book

	Series Foreword
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
	Significant Dates in American Environmental History	1
	Introduction	7
Pt. I	Foundations of American Environmental Thought and Action	19
Document 1	Biblical Views of Nature and Humanity	24
Document 2	Virgil's Pastoral View of Nature (c. 50 B.C.E.)	26
Document 3	Christopher Columbus Inventories the New World's Natural Resources (1493)	27
Document 4	Jean Ribaut Discovers the Natural Abundance of Terra Florida (1563)	28
Document 5	Baltasar de Obregon's Account of the Riches of New Mexico (1584)	29
Document 6	Thomas Hariot on the Death of Indians from a Disease Brought from Europe (1588)	30
Document 7	William Bradford on Life in the Wilderness (1620, 1621)	31
Document 8	Francis Baron on Science and Technology (1629)	33
Document 9	Regulating the Herring Run in the Town of Plymouth (1637, 1638, 1639, 1662)	34
Document 10	Predator Control and Game Hunting Regulation in Rhode Island Colony (1639, 1646)	36
Document 11	Thomas Hobbes's Social Contract Theory (1651)	37
Document 12	Pollution in Plymouth Colony Harbor (1668)	39
Document 13	William Penn Contracts to Set Aside Timbered Lands (1681)	39
Document 14	John Locke on Property and Labor (1690)	41
Document 15	John Ray on Gardens and Wilderness (1691)	42
Document 16	Jonathan Edwards on God and Nature (1739)	43
Document 17	Peter Kalm on Land Management (1753)	44
Document 18	William Blackstone's On the Rights of Things (1765-1769)	46
Document 19	John Bartram on Reclaiming Florida's Wetlands (1767)	47
Pt. II	Politicians, Naturalists, and Artists in the New Nation, 1776-1840	51
Document 20	Thomas Jefferson on Agrarianism and Industrialization (1785, 1816)	55
Document 21	James Madison on Population and Property (1786, 1788)	56
Document 22	Philip Freneau's Noble Savage (1788)	58
Document 23	William Bartram on the Human Impact on the Environment (1791)	59
Document 24	Benjamin Rush on Saving the Sugar Maple (1791)	61
Document 25	The Founding Fathers on the Care of the Land (1793, 1818)	63
Document 26	Thomas Malthus's Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)	64
Document 27	Meriwether Lewis on the Slaughter of Buffaloes (1805)	67
Document 28	Act Establishing the First Federal Forest Reserve (1817)	68
Document 29	Act to Protect Useful Birds in Massachusetts (1818)	69
Document 30	James Fenimore Cooper Laments the Disappearance of Unregulated Wilderness (1823)	69
Document 31	George Catlin's Proposal for a National Park (1832)	71
Document 32	Black Hawk on the Indians and the Land (1833)	72
Document 33	John James Audubon on the Senseless Destruction of Fish, Birds, and Quadrupeds (1833)	74
Pt. III	The Origins of Environmental Activism, 1840-1890	75
Document 34	Thomas Cole's "Lament of the Forest" (1841)	81
Document 35	John James Audubon on the Decimation of the Bison Herds (1843)	82
Document 36	Ralph Waldo Emerson on Nature (1844, 1884)	83
Document 37	William Cullen Bryant's Proposal for a Great Municipal Park (1844)	85
Document 38	Andrew Jackson Downing Talks about Public Parks and Gardens (1848)	86
Document 39	Swamp and Overflow Act (1850)	88
Document 40	The Shattuck Report's Recommendations for Sanitary Improvement (1850)	89
Document 41	Rebecca Harding Davis on Smoke and Soot in a Mill Town (1861)	91
Document 42	Homestead Act (1862)	91
Document 43	George Perkins Marsh's Man and Nature (1864)	92
Document 44	Henry David Thoreau on the Value of Living Things (1864)	94
Document 45	Act Granting Yo-Semite Valley to California (1864)	95
Document 46	The Citizens' Association of New York on Sewage and Disease (1865)	96
Document 47	John Muir on the Spirituality of Nature (1866)	96
Document 48	Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux on Creating Parks to Serve the Public (1866, 1872)	97
Document 49	Charles Darwin on the Similarity between Humans and Other Animals (1871)	100
Document 50	Act Establishing Yellowstone National Park (1872)	101
Document 51	Mining Act (1872)	102
Document 52	Carl Schurz on the Need for Federal Forest Conservation (1877)	104
Document 53	Henry George on Land Development (1879)	106
Document 54	Act Establishing the Adirondack Forest Preserve (1885)	107
Document 55	American Ornithologists' Union's Model Law (1886)	108
Document 56	George Bird Grinnell and Cecelia Thaxter on the Audubon Society Cause (1886)	109
Document 57	Constitution of the Boone and Crockett Club (1887)	112
Document 58	John Wesley Powell on the Lands of the Arid Region (1890)	113
Pt. IV	The Conservation Movement Era, 1890-1920	117
Document 59	Forest Reserve Act (1891)	120
Document 60	Frederick J. Turner on the Disappearance of the Frontier (1894)	121
Document 61	Rivers and Harbors Act (1899)	122
Document 62	Theodore Roosevelt on Forest Conservation and Land Reclamation (1901)	123
Document 63	Reclamation Act (1902)	125
Document 64	Upton Sinclair on the Adulteration of Processed Food (1906)	126
Document 65	Ellen Swallow Richards on Sanitation and Human Ecology (1907)	127
Document 66	Theodore Roosevelt on the Conservation and Use of Natural Resources (1907)	128
Document 67	Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., on the Smoke Nuisance (1908)	130
Document 68	John Muir, James Phelan, and the Battle over the Flooding of the Hetch Hetchy Valley (1908-1913)	131
Document 69	Richard Ballinger on the Development of the West (1909)	134
Document 70	Report of the National Conservation Commission (1909)	136
Document 71	WJ McGee on Conservation (1909)	137
Document 72	Jane Addams on Garbage (1910)	139
Document 73	Gifford Pinchot on Conservation and the National Interest (1911)	140
Pt. V	Rethinking Our Relationship to Nature, 1920-1960	143
Document 74	Pennsylvania Coal Company v. Mahon et al. (1922)	147
Document 75	Village of Euclid et al. v. Ambler Realty Company (1926)	149
Document 76	Henry Beston on the Human Relationship with Nature (1928)	152
Document 77	Franklin D. Roosevelt on the Conservation of America's Forests (1930)	153
Document 78	Stuart Chase on Waste in the Machine Age (1931)	155
Document 79	Arthur Kallet and F. J. Schlink on the Dangers of Manufactured Products (1932)	156
Document 80	Luther Standing Bear on Native Americans and the Rights of Other Living Things (1933)	157
Document 81	Arthur Tansley on the Concept of the Ecosystem (1935)	158
Document 82	H. V. Harlan and M. L. Martini on the Loss of Genetic Diversity (1936)	159
Document 83	Lewis Mumford on Regional Planning (1938)	160
Document 84	John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath (1939)	161
Document 85	Marjory Stoneman Douglas on the Everglades (1947)	163
Document 86	Roger Tory Peterson on Bird Population (1948)	164
Document 87	Fairfield Osborn on the Relatedness of All Living Things (1948)	166
Document 88	Aldo Leopold's Land Ethic (1949)	167
Document 89	President's Materials Policy Commission on Economic Growth and Resource Policy (1952)	168
Document 90	Samuel H. Ordway, Jr., on Limits to Growth (1953)	170
Document 91	J. Robert Oppenheimer on the Use of Science (1953)	172
Document 92	Bernard Frank on Development and Water Availability (1955)	173
Document 93	Clean Air Act (1955)	174
Document 94	John Kenneth Galbraith Asks, "How Much Should a Country Consume?" (1958)	176
Document 95	David Brower Demands Support for the Wilderness Act (1959)	177
Pt. VI	The Heyday of the Environmental Movement, 1960-1980	179
Document 96	The Surgeon General's Report on Environmental Health (1960)	184
Document 97	Lorus J. Milne and Margery Milne on the Balance of Nature (1960)	186
Document 98	Murray Bookchin on the Synthetic Environment (1962)	188
Document 99	Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962)	189
Document 100	Stewart L. Udall on the Land Ethic (1963)	191
Document 101	John F. Kennedy on the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)	192
Document 102	Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission (1965)	193
Document 103	California Land Conservation Act (1965) and Article XXVIII of the California Constitution (1966)	195
Document 104	Kenneth E. Boulding on the Spaceship Economy (1966)	197
Document 105	Lynn White, Jr., on Western Religions and the Environmental Crisis (1966)	198
Document 106	Paul Ehrlich's The Population Bomb (1968)	199
Document 107	Garrett Hardin on Controlling Access to the Commons (1968)	201
Document 108	John Teal and Mildred Teal on the Productivity of the Salt Marsh (1969)	203
Document 109	Ian McHarg on the Fitness of Ecosystems (1969)	205
Document 110	National Environmental Policy Act (1969)	206
Document 111	Richard Nixon on the Need for Environmental Regulation (1970)	208
Document 112	Clean Air Act Amendments (1970)	211
Document 113	Dennis Puleston on the Founding of the Environmental Defense Fund (1971)	212
Document 114	Barry Commoner on Nature, Man, and Technology (1971)	215
Document 115	Clean Water Act (1972)	217
Document 116	Christopher Stone Proposes Legal Rights for Natural Objects (1972)	218
Document 117	Sierra Club v. Morton (1972)	219
Document 118	Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment (1972)	222
Document 119	Endangered Species Act (1973)	224
Document 120	Ernest Callenbach's Ecotopia (1975)	225
Document 121	Edward Abbey's The Monkey Wrench Gang (1975)	226
Document 122	Greenpeace on the Need for Radical Action (1976)	228
Pt. VII	Confronting Economic and Social Realities, 1980-2000	231
Document 123	Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980)	237
Document 124	Mark Sagoff on the Public Interest (1981)	239
Document 125	Lester R. Brown on Building a Sustainable Society (1981)	242
Document 126	Julian L. Simon on Population Growth (1981)	243
Document 127	Coastal Barrier Resources Act (1981)	245
Document 128	Arne Naess on Deep Ecology (1982, 1984)	247
Document 129	United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1983)	249
Document 130	Bernard Cohen on Nuclear Energy and Risk Assessment (1983)	251
Document 131	Bob Graham on Restoring the Kissimmee River-Lake Okeechobee-Everglades Ecosystem (1983)	252
Document 132	Edward O. Wilson on the Need for Conservation and a Conservation Ethic (1984, 1998)	254
Document 133	Jurgen Schmandt, Hilliard Roderick, and Andrew Morriss on Acid Rain and Friendly Neighbors (1985)	256
Document 134	United Nations Convention (1985) and Protocol (1987) on Ozone Depletion	258
Document 135	United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice on Toxic Waste and Race (1987)	260
Document 136	Dixy Lee Ray Asks, "Who Speaks for Science?" (1990)	262
Document 137	Roger Smith on Industry and the Environment (1990)	264
Document 138	California Air Resources Board Lowers Its Vehicle Emissions Standards (1990, 1996)	266
Document 139	John P. Holdren on Energy and Human Well-Being (1990)	269
Document 140	Barry Lopez on a Sense of Place (1990)	270
Document 141	Albert Gore on the Ecological Perspective (1992)	271
Document 142	United Nations Convention (1992) and Protocol (1997) on Climate Change	273
Document 143	Carl Safina on the Decline of Fishes (1995)	277
Document 144	Edward Tenner on Shifting Liability (1996)	279
Document 145	Jane Lubchenco on Environmental Issues for the Twenty-first Century (1997)	281
Document 146	Jeremy Rifkin on Biotechnology and the Environment (1998)	282
App. I	Landmarks in U.S. Environmental Legislation	285
App. II	Major International Agreements Relating to the Environment	291
	Notes	293
	Glossary	297
	Further Readings	301
	Index	307